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DICTATORSHIPS IN THE AMERICAS

DICTATORSHIPS IN THE AMERICAS. BY: TOM ALLEN AND JOANA BETTOCCHI-BARROW. “WHEN ALL PEACEFUL MEANS HAVE BEEN EXHAUSTED, THE CHURCH CONSIDERS INSURRECTION MORAL AND JUSTIFIED” . ARCHIBISHOP OSCAR ROMERO, EL SALVADOR 1980. . OUTLINE.

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DICTATORSHIPS IN THE AMERICAS

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  1. DICTATORSHIPS IN THE AMERICAS BY: TOM ALLEN AND JOANA BETTOCCHI-BARROW

  2. “WHEN ALL PEACEFUL MEANS HAVE BEEN EXHAUSTED, THE CHURCH CONSIDERS INSURRECTION MORAL AND JUSTIFIED” ARCHIBISHOP OSCAR ROMERO, EL SALVADOR 1980.

  3. OUTLINE • SECTION 1: CENTRAL AMERICA: US POLICY AND ITS EFFECTS • SECTION 2: CHILE: ALLENDE AND PINOCHET • SECTION 3: PERU

  4. EL SALVADOR • RULED BY 14 FAMILIES • 1960: 12 % OF THE PEASANTRY LANDLESS • MID 1970S: 80% OF THE PEASANTRY LANDLESS • 1980: CIVIL WAR COMMENCES

  5. OSCAR ROMERO Murdered by Governmentt Sanctioned Death Squad 1980.

  6. EL SALVADOR • PEACE TREATY 1992 • USA SPENT 1 BILLION DOLLARS (TAX PAYER’S MONEY) PROPPING UP THE REPRESSIVE SALVADOREAN GOVERNMENT • 75,000 PEOPLE KILLED IN EL SALVADOR OVER 12 YEARS OF CIVIL WAR. • CURRENTLY: COALITION GOVERNMENT, SOIL EXHAUSTION, 80% OF THE LAND IS STILL OWNED BY 14 FAMILIES, AND POVERTY/HARDSHIP/MISERY IS RAMPANT.

  7. GUATEMALA • 1954: USA’S FIRST CIA-INITIATED COUP D’ETAT • ARBENZ GOVERNMENT TOPPLED BY CASTILLO ARMAS JUNTA GOVT WITH US MILITARY AID • SERIES OF REPRESSIVE MILITARY REGIMES • 1982-83: GENOCIDAL CAMPAIGN AGAINST MAYAN PEOPLE INITIATED BY PRESIDENT JUAN EFRAIN RIOS MONTT (CALLED THE AUGUSTO PINOCHET OF GUATEMALA)

  8. RIOS MONTT ON TRIAL FOR CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY AND GENOCIDE RIOS MONTT: COUP ON ANOTHER MILITARY REGIME IN 1982 BECAME THE DEFACTO PRESIDENT BORN AGAIN CHRISTIAN

  9. RIGOBERTA MENCHU DOCUMENTS GENOCIDAL POLICIES AGAINST INDIGNEOUS PEOPLE. WINS NOBEL PEACE PRIZE. CONTROVER- SIAL FIGURE TO THIS DAY

  10. GUATEMALA • 35 YEARS OF CIVIL WAR • 100 000 DIED (MOSTLY MAYANS), 1 000 000 REFUGEES • PEACE TREATY SIGNED IN 1990 • CURRENTLY: VAST INEQUALITY, SPORADIC INDIGENOUS UPRISINGS • CURRENT PRESIDENT: OTTO PEREZ MOLINA - WAS A FORMER MILITARY OFFICER WHO REPORTED TO RIOS MONTT.

  11. NICARAGUA • SOMOSA DYNASTY LASTED 40 YEARS: FATHER, SON, GRANDSON • FDR: “HE’S A SON OF A BITCH, BUT HE’S OUR SON OF A BITCH” • 1973 EARTHQUAKE: RELIEF MONEY STOLEN BY THE SOMOSAS. BLOOD DONATIONS WERE SOLD. • SANDINISTAS OUST SOMOSA #3 IN 1979 • SOMOZA FLEES TO PARAGUAY WITH 1.6 BILLION DOLLARS OF NICARAGUA’S NATIONAL TREASURY

  12. Augusto sandino LED A REBELLION AGAINST THE FIRST OF THE SOMOSAS MURDERED BY SOMOSA # 1 IN 1934

  13. NICARAGUA • SANDINISTA PROGRAM: LAND REFORM, MINIMUM WAGES, REGULATED WORKING HOURS, SAFETY PRACTICES, MATERNITY LEAVE, CHILD CARE, PENSIONS. • US GOVT ACCUSES THE SANDINISTAS OF UNFAIRLY LIMITING THE FREEDOM OF CORPORATE AND BUSINESS INTERESTS: COMMUNISTS! • REAGAN GOVT FINANCES MERCENARY CONTRA ARMY • THE IRAN CONTRA SCANDAL • SANDINISTAS REPEATEDLY RE-ELECTED UNTIL 1990; DANIEL ORTEGA IS THE CURRENT PRESIDENT AGAIN

  14. Daniel ortega Leader of Sandinista Forces

  15. COLOMBIA • LA VIOLENCIA: 30 YEARS OF GUERRILLA WARFARE 1948+ • BRUTAL MILITARY REPRESSION • USA ANTI-DRUG CAMPAIGN • INNOCCENT CIVILIANS CAUGHT IN THE MIDDLE • CURRENTLY: LARGEST RECEIPIENT OF USA MILITARY ASSISTANT. • VERY LITTLE MONEY FOR SOCIAL SERVICES,FEW JOB OPPORTUNITIES, , MASSIVE BRAIN-DRAIN.

  16. COLOMBIA • CURRENTLY: LARGEST RECIPIENT OF USA MILITARY ASSISTANCE • VERY LITTLE MONEY FOR SOCIAL SERVICES • FEW JOB OPPORTUNITIES • MASSIVE BRAIN-DRAIN

  17. PANAMA • MANUEL NORIEGA WAS CONSIDERED A “GOOD” GUY BY THE CIA • “SO LONG AS NORIEGA WAS SUPPORTING THE REAGAN ADMINISTRATION WAR AGAINST THE SANDINISTAS, HIS DRUG DEALING ACTIVITIES WERE OVERLOOKED” (pg.300, MEADE)

  18. CHILE • ALLENDE : SOCIALIST PRESIDENT • ATTEMPTED MANY SOCIAL & ECONOMIC REFORMS • POLICY OF HIGHER WAGES AND FIXED PRICES NAÏVE • NATIONALIZATION PROGRAMS ANGERED US COMPANIES • SYSTEMATIC ECONOMIC SABOTAGE BY CHILEAN ELITE, NIXON GOVERNMENT AND CIA

  19. Salvador Allende

  20. Augusto Pinochet

  21. PINOCHET • EARLY MILITARY CAREER UNREMARKABLE • VERY MUCH A FENCE-SITTER ON MAJOR POLICIES • AFTER 1973 COUP: SUDDEN TRANSFORMATION FROM ANONYMOUS BACKBENCHER TO AUTROCRAT • SHORTLY AFTER THE COUP, ALL OTHER MEMBERS OF THE MILITARY JUNTA DEPOSED, RETIRED, DISAPEARED, OR DIED OF MYSTERIOUS ILLNESES

  22. PINOCHET • PINOCHET WROTE A BOOK CALLED “EL DIA DECISIVO”, RE-WRITING HIS OWN PERSONAL HISTORY IN WHICH HE PORTRAYED HIMSELF AS MORE OF A HARDLINER AND ANTI-COMMUNIST THAN HE HAD BEEN • PINOCHET: “GOD PUT ME THERE. PROVIDENCE, OR DESTINY, OR WHATEVER YOU WANT TO CALL IT PUT ME THERE” (pg.65/66)

  23. peru • SENDERO LUMINOSO (SHINING PATH): MAOIST-INSPIRED TERRORIST GROUP THAT EMERGED IN THE 1980s. • TORTURED AND KILLED INDIGENOUS PEOPLE IN THE ANDES. • TARATA BOMBING. • ABIMAEL GUZMAN WAS CAPTURED IN 1992. • ALBERTO FUJIMORI AND THE MILITARY.

  24. Abimaelguzman Professor and Lead of the Shining Path.

  25. peru • COMISION DE LA VERDAD Y RECONCILIACION (TRUTH AND RECONCILIATION COMMISSION) • SENDERO STILL HAS A PRESENCE IN PERU, THOUGH NOT POLITICALLY. THEY CONTROL PARTS OF THE AMAZON AND SURVIVE FROM THE NARCO TRADE WITH COLOMBIA. • SENDERO PRESENTS ITSELF AS A CHARITY/ADVOCACY GROUP IN NORDIC COUNTRIES TO THIS DAY TO END “THE OPPRESSION OF THE PEOPLE”

  26. Was the ussr a real threat in latinamerica?

  27. What did us taxpayers think about the billions of dollars of public money being spent to prop up violent military regimes in latinamerica? Did they know? Did they care?

  28. Did the dictators really believe they were fighting communism, or was this a convenient political posture, enabling them to receive us military aid by labelling all their opponents as communists?

  29. How do you account for pinochet’s sudden transformation from anonymous backbencher to ruthless, autocratic murderer and torturer?

  30. What do you think of archbishop romero’s statement:when all peaceful means have been exhausted, the church considers insurrection moral and justified.”

  31. Nearly half of all churchgoing guatemalans have turned away from catholicism in favor of other religions. Why do you think this is so?

  32. Do you hold out hope for:guatemala– current president was a former military officer during the worst years of genocideel salvador – 80% of the land still controlled by 14 familiesnicaragua – infrastructure destroyed by earthquake, contra war and hurricane mitch

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