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Geomorphic Processes and Environments

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naoko
71 diapositives · 1.2K Views · Jul 25, 2014

Geomorphic Processes and Environments. Agents, dynamics, and the results of natural earth processes Erosion Transport Deposition. ( long-term storage ). ( removal ). ( movement, temporary storage ). Coastal Marine & Estuarine. Transport barrier flat longshore bars washover fan

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  1. Geomorphic Processes and Environments Agents, dynamics, and the results of natural earth processes ErosionTransportDeposition ( long-term storage ) ( removal ) ( movement, temporary storage )

  2. Coastal Marine & Estuarine Transport barrier flat longshore bars washover fan ( dynamic deposits and landforms ) Erosion bluff headland stack wave-cut platform ( voids , modified features ) Deposition backshore off-shore sediments salt marsh ( stable deposits and landforms )

  3. Coasts • Non-rocky coasts: low-lying, broad, sediment / soil rich • LS: coastal plain, estuary • LF: lagoon, marsh, barrier island • Rocky coasts: considerable bedrock, substantial local relief, narrow (?) • LS: shore complex • LF: headland, cliff, wave-cut platform, stack, beach

  4. Barrier Islands ( Non-rocky coasts) NC Soc. For Sedimentation Geologists Landscape: barrier island Landforms: beach washover fans, relict inlets, mudflats N34.75 Lat, W76..25 Lon north Core Banks, NC

  5. terrestrial subaqueous ( AGI hflzbj ) barrier beach ridge ( foredune ) washover-fan wash-over fan flat beach barrier flat tidal marsh (relict) tidal channels tidal marsh back-barrier flat Landscape: barrier island Landforms: beach, berm, washover fan, washover fan flatsN34.75 Lat, W76..25 Lon north Core Banks Is, NC

  6. Estimated Coastal Inundation Scenarios from Sea Level Rise: Present Coastline vs.: < 5m (<15 ft.) and < 10m (<30 ft.) USGS

  7. Common landforms, zones & processes of non-rocky coasts. BEACH RIDGE FOREDUNE longshore bars swash zone Modified from Fairbridge, 1968

  8. Pt. Reyes, CA

  9. Shore / Coastal Facies ( sediments) • beach : coarser sediments (med. - co.s, gr, cob, st ) • near shore : medium textured seds. ( med. – vfs; si further out ) • offshore : fine textured seds. ( fsi, c, organics )

  10. Schoeneberger Landscape: shore complex Landform: beach ST Marks Light house, Wakulla Co., FL

  11. Schoeneberger Landscape: shore complex Landform: berm, salt marshST Marks Light house, Wakulla Co., FL

  12. ( GSC # 2001-281 ) ( GSC#2001-281 ) Landscape: shore complex Landforms: beach berm, lagoon, ( beach ridge?)Quebec, CAN

  13. horizontal plain ( GSC # 2001-281 ) ( GSC#2001-281 ) Landscape: shore complex Landform: multiple beach berms, lagoon, ( beach ridge?)Quebec, CAN

  14. (GSC2001-283) Internal structures of a relict beach ridge - tabular bedding QUE, CAN

  15. Holocene chenier plain along subsiding LA coast (Deitz, 1963) Landscape: coastal plain Landform: chenier on a chenier plain Modified from Fairbridge, 1968

  16. Coastal Marine & Estuarine( waves, currents, tidal; shore, near-shore, lagoonal, shallow marine ) • Sediments: coarse to fine grained, organics; texture & morphology depends upon depositional environment ( energy, sediment supply; turbidity currents ) • Landscapes: shore complex, fluviomarine terrace, island (e.g. HI), coastal plain • Landforms: reef, chenier, tidal flat, lagoon • Microfeatures: ripple mark, shoreline, swash zone

  17. Eolian( often associated , but not dominant ) Erosion blowout Deposition dunes (stabilized) Transport dunes (active)

  18. Other Groupings :Wetlands(commonly associated with non-rocky coasts) • Sediments: commonly fine to very fine grained, high in organic matter • Landscapes:everglades • Landforms: backswamp, dune slack, marsh, pothole, slough • Microfeatures: ephemeral stream, vernal pool

  19. Other Groupings :Water Bodies( permanent open water; associated by definition ) • Sediments:N/A ( water ) • “Landscapes”: ? ocean, large lakes • “Landforms”: estuary, lagoon, oxbow lake, river • Microfeatures:pond, perennial stream

  20. Non-rocky coasts GSC # 2002-396 Landforms: lagoon, baymouthbarrier island, spit, inlet; Grand Beach, Lake Winnipeg, Man., CAN

  21. (GSC2002-022) Landscape: shore complex ; Landforms: barrier beach, lagoon, peat bog Port Felix, NS, CAN

  22. Landscape : coastal plain; Landforms : relict marinespit, muskeg (bog) Hudson Bay (Fort Severn), ON CAN

  23. Bob Gavenda Landforms: mangrove swamp, island Babeldauhpt Is., Palau

  24. ( NOAA AGI id h9hk35 ) Landform: mangrove swamp southern FL

  25. Schoeneberger Soil: Lignumvitae PM: coastal marl FL

  26. General shore features of rocky coasts Headlands wave-cut platform Modified from Fairbridge, 1968

  27. Rocky Coasts Gravel Shingle Modified from :

  28. GSC # 2002-010 Landscape: shore complex, uplands ; Landform: coastal headland; Cape Breton Is, NS, CAN

  29. Schoeneberger Landscape: shore complex Landforms: coastalheadlands, cliff, wave-cut platform

  30. GSC # 2002-086 Landforms: intertidal (& relict) wave-cut platforms ; Green Point, NF, CAN

  31. Schoeneberger Landscape: ?? Landforms: ??

  32. Name two likely soil profile features associated with the relict platforms ? relict wave-cut platforms P4? active wave-cut platform P3 P2 P1 P2 Schoeneberger Landscape: shore complex ; Landform: wave-cut platforms (active and relict), cliff Guam

  33. Likely, key soil features ? shallow to bedrock, tree-throw, marine mollusks relict wave-cut platforms active wave-cut platform Schoeneberger Landscape: shore complex ; Landform: wave-cut platforms (active and relict)cliff; Guam

  34. GSC# 2002-055 Landscape: shore complex Landforms: stacks, wave-cut platform (12,000 yBP, elev. +27 m above msl), cliff ;Cape Chignecto, Bay of Fundy, NS, CAN

  35. Marine Islands

  36. volcanic marine island evolution extinct volcano remnant atoll Nukuoro Atoll, Micronesia fringing (coral) reef Oeno Is., volcanic island Pitcairn Is., Peru NASA

  37. Landscape : island Landform : atoll Arno atoll, Micronesia ( NASA id 2002206 )

  38. ( NASA id 16768 ) Landscape : low limestoneisland Landforms : coral reef, beach, mangrove swampMatangi Is., Fiji

  39. low limestone island Bob Gavenda, NRCS Landform: low, limestone island Peleilu Is., Palau, Micronesia

  40. ( NASA 1638834 ) Landscape: archipeligo Landform: low limestone islands Florida Keys, FL

  41. Miscellaneous Shore Features (GSC2001-208) Landscape: shore complex(proglacial lake); Landform: raised beaches , wave-cut platformPoint Lake, NWT CAN

  42. GSC# 2002-341 Landforms: ice-pushed ridge (pack ice mounding onto relict rampart), patterned ground ; Microfeature: ice-wedge polygons ; Tullett Point., Prince Patrick Is., NW Terr., CAN

  43. GSC# 2002-333 Landscape: shore complex ; Landforms: beach, ice-pushed ridge(5-10 m high, 50-100 m wide, whale bones) ; Lat 77.34 N, Lon. 118 W; Tullett Point, Prince Patrick Is., NW Terr., CAN

  44. Landforms: tombolo, spit , lagoon CAN

  45. Coastal Plains • Major characteristics: low relief and broad; • Series of marine terraces • Nominal drainage networks (on young CP’s); more integrated drainage networks (on older, higher CP’s). • Either emergent or submergent, typically associated with rising or falling sea levels due to climatic changes (glacial or interglacial conditions).

  46. Caution: note scales. Coastal Plain Geomorphology Project, NC

  47. Coastal Plain terrain, dissection, dominant soil types, landforms Daniels et al., 1999

  48. Name kinds of terrace shown here & justify : Daniels et al., 1999

  49. marine vs. stream terrace : PM Daniels et al., 1999

  50. Soil Distribution on Lower Coastal Plain, NC WT Daniels et al., 1999 Consider: topography, microrelief, PM, scalessoil & color distributions (e.g. “red-edge effect”)