NEW IMPERIALISM: MOTIVES AND TACTICS Nineteenth-Century Empires

1. NEW IMPERIALISM: MOTIVES AND TACTICSNineteenth-Century Empires SUPERQUIZ Section II – PART 2 13 questions – 32.5%

2. pp. 39-44 • European Expansion in the Midcentury • India and the Rise of British Sovereignty • The British East India Company • Further British Expansion in Asia • The “Sick Men”: The Ottoman Empire and China • The Ottoman Empire • China • Expansion in Southeast Asia and the Pacific Rim • Southeast Asia • The Pacific Rim • Japan

3. European Expansionism: Europe Dominates the World • Europeans engaged in increasingly intense protection of new commercial interests in Asia and Africa during the 19th century • Driven by ____________________ • British (3 types of power) • technological, • military, • and economic power derived from this process of industrialization • The_________ took the lead in developing and protecting overseas commercial contacts industrialization British

4. India • Europe’s 19th century economic penetration of Asia exploited centuries-old trading posts • __________________________had served as the chief participants in Asian-European trade from the 17th century on. 3 such companies: • The Dutch East India Company • French East India Company • and British East India Company • Europeans clustered in trading posts along the coasts of these 4: • India • Java • the Philippines • China • Another name for these commercial centers was ________ • 3 Key ports: • Batavia • Canton • Bombay Joint stock companies factories

5. Different nationalities dominated Asian trade during different historical periods • __________________headed trade with Asia in the 16th and 17th centuries • late 17th century saw the rise of ___________ • by the early 18th century Asian trade was dominated by these 2 powers: --French --British The Portuguese the Dutch

6. Dominant Powers France Britain

7. British domination of Asia • Began WHEN and WHERE? • In 1757 • At Battle of Plassey • British defeated the nawab of Bengal (who & how) • Robert Clive • bribed Mir Jafar to throw the battle in exchange for the latter’s ascension to the nawab of Bengal • SIGNIFICANCE of the BATTLE OF PLASSEY • crushed the flailing _____________________ • solidified the political power of the ________________________ • previously it had possessed no distinctive features from other trading companies Mughal Empire British East India Co.

8. Sir Robert Clive

9. Clive and Mir Jafarafter the Battle of Plassey

10. BATTLE OF PLASSEY:Economic Disaster for BENGAL • BEFORE: Bengal = hub of Indian commerce • _______of the British East India Company’s trade came from Bengal • Bengal had received New World ________________________for its textiles, spices, and metal goods • Britain gained access to enormous amounts of wealth • British paid for Bengali goods with the ___________________________from Bengal • Bengal lost control of its _____________________________ • The British followed this pattern of conquest throughout India • India’s economy transformed from a free market economy to a ______________ economy • India essentially lost its trade connections to the outside world • Through____________________, the British ensured that Indians received very little benefit from exports to Britain • _____________ served as the base of British territorial expansion in India through the 18th and 19th centuries 75% silver bullion land revenues external trade closed taxation Bengal

11. British Imperialism

12. British rule over India permanently altered the Indian economy’s structure and focus • Industrialization in Britain stopped importation of what key Indian product? Indian calicoes and other textiles • India thus had to become a supplier of: raw materials for Britain • British textile mills demanded 2 key raw materials from India: cotton and indigo • The Indian market also served as a great dumping ground for: British manufactured goods and textiles • Indian ______________________ faced a sharp decline during the 19th century • By the 1840s, British imports accounted for more than _______of Indian textile consumption • Indians abandoned _____________________________as a result of the commercialization of Indian agriculture • The Indian peasantry remained more vulnerable than ever to___________ manufacturing 50% subsistence farming famine

13. India was a major supplier of raw materials Indians must buy finished goods from Britain Indians must produce raw materials for Britain Jewel in the Crown Tea, indigo, coffee, cotton, and jute, opium

14. From India to the rest of Asia • The British East India Company sought to extend its power through __________________to protect its Indian interests • ___________ constituted a major threat to the company’s expansion • In the 1840s, Britain annexed 2 regions west of India as buffer zones against Russia • Punjab • Sind Central Asia Russia

15. AFGHANISTAN resisted annexation • The Afghan Wars of • 1839-1842 • 1878-1880 • Britain • never formally ________________Afghanistan • By the 1880s, however, Afghanistan had practically become a British __________state colonized client

16. BURMA Myanmar • currently known as _________________ • The British annexed Burma after a series of wars in • 1826 • 1852 • 1886 6…2…6 2+3 = 5 5+3 = 8 2…5…8

17. The “sick men” • Europeans labeled two major Asian empires “sick men” • Ottoman Empire : Sick Man of Europe • The Qing dynasty: the Sick Man of the East • Unlike it had in India, Europe did not implement _______________in the Ottoman Empire and China • Europeans used both • political maneuvering and • financial conquest • These methods avoided the ________________of direct rule • Europeans used these 2 political powers as buffers against these 2 rival powers: • Russia • Japan direct rule high cost

18. DIRECT RULE vs. INDIRECT RULE • Direct Rule: • The actual administration of government by representatives of the imperial power, usually supported by military and civilian services. • French tried direct rule. • Indirect Rule: • Ruling through cooperation with a native ruler or rulers who profit from the relationship. • British used indirect rule. • Example was the Raj in India.

19. OTTOMAN EMPIRE: The Sick Man of Europe • Ripe for western infiltration • The empire crossed wide stretches of land • _______and _______: east • ______and_________= south • the _______ = north • Peak of political power: • The 16th Century Algeria Persia Egypt Sudan Balkans

20. OTTOMAN EMPIRE: The Sick Man of Europe Territorial Losses: 1800-1914

21. OTTOMAN EMPIRE: The Sick Man of Europe • Provincial governors’ ambitions increasingly challenged the authority of what sultan? • Mahmud II • sultan of the Ottoman Empire in the late 18th and early 19th centuries • The _______________ identity of most Ottoman subjects did give • cultural and • political cohesion Muslim

22. Tanzimat “reorganization” • Translates to ___________________________ • Mahmud II’s attempt to re-energize OTTOMAN EMPIRE through • technological, • administrative, • and legal… ….________________________ of the Ottoman Empire • Supported by whom? • Europeans (proprietary reasons) • The British especially • Opposed by whom (2 groups)? • Muslim clerics • military men Who feared Western society would pollute the Islamic culture Westernization

23. Ottoman Empire begins to depend on Britain in _______ 1838 • EGYPT • Broke away from Ottoman control • seized control (of what area/ when) • of SYRIA • In 1831 • The sultan asked __________ to restore Ottoman control in Syria • The British and the _____________ • demanded that _________________be fully implemented in return for British military action • The British and French also demanded these 2 things: • extraterritorial judicial rights • trade privileges Britain French Tamizat

24. A Defacto Colony 1840s • By the _________, the Ottoman Empire was a defacto __________ colony, which had to • import large quantities of manufactured goods (2) • Machinery • Textiles • and export raw materials to Britain (3) • Opium • Cotton • Cereals • Local Ottoman textile industries mostly failed during this period British

25. CRIMEAN WAR 52 54 • 18___ to 18___ • The Ottoman lost economic independence • borrowed money from (2 countries) • the British • The French at unfavorable repayment terms • The Ottoman _______________ Commission • committee formed in ______ • formalized British and French control of the Ottoman economy • Europeans gained authority over (3 key sources of revenue) • tariffs, • taxation, and • the provincial tribute systems Public Debt 1881

26. Cultural Cohesion of Ottoman Empire Disintegrated • as Europeans centralized their control over the polity • The British and French aligned with _______________ minorities in the empire • __________ and ____________ intermediaries could purchase European passports • Some allowed _______________________reserved for Europeans • Internal discord increased • privileged groups grew wealthy • peasants and artisans suffered • Europeans saw themselves as civilizers of the “Oriental” empire • sought to prop up ________________ • eradicate all traces of ________________ Non-Muslim Jewish Christian judicial immunity Christianity despotism

27. CHINA: The Sick Man of the East • European imperial domination of China mostly followed the pattern of the Ottoman Empire • The _______ dynasty • ruled China since the mid ________________________ • came from the foreign ______________ minority • At the beginning of the 19th century, sought to expand its Asian empire • China kept in isolation from Europe • had no knowledge of Enlightenment philosophy • European manufactured goods held no allure for the Chinese • In contrast, Europeans held insatiable desires for Chinese • paper, • silk, • tea, • porcelain, etc. •  Qing 17TH Century Manchu

28. The Opium Trade & Tea Ships moored at Lintin, near Canton, and the opium was sent up the coast in local craft. Opium was shipped in chests, each weighing about 60 kilograms. The Chinese paid in silver – a gross profit of 1,000 silver dollars was made on each chest. HIST 2322 / IDST 2373 Dr. Keller

29. Opium reversed trade imbalance in the late 18th century • All levels of Chinese society smoked opium • Chinese government ________________________of opium • Trading companies (British East India Company) flooded the Chinese market with opium • Chinese demand skyrocketed in response to tever-increasing supply of opium • Brits got cheap opium from India • Europeans used opium profits to pay for Chinese goods, especially tea • By early 19th century, opium had wreaked heavy damage on China • Social damage • Economic damage • SILVER: • Europeans stopped paying for Chinese goods with silver • Silver shortages occurred throughout China • Large segments of Chinese society experienced opium addiction banned importation

30. The Chinese Empire under Siege • The Opium War & the Unequal Treaties • The Opium Trade & Tea Drying Tea in China Chinese Opium Den HIST 2322 / IDST 2373 Dr. Keller

31. First Opium War • Chinese emperor attempted to • blockade the Port of ___________in ______ • Seize merchants’ opium supplies • The _________ sent naval force • First Opium War • Years: • 1840-1842 • Loser: • Chinese lost Canton 1840 British

32. J.J. Grandville’s • ______________________political cartoon • Appeared • during the First Opium War • in French humor magazine ___________________ • features a Brit trying to sell Chinese man opium • Caption: “I say, you must buy this poison immediately. We want you to really poison yourselves, so that we will have enough tea to comfortably digest our beefsteaks!” Le Charivari

33. The Opium War

34. The Chinese Empire under Siege • The Opium War & the Unequal Treaties HIST 2322 / IDST 2373 Dr. Keller

35. Treaty of __________ Nanjing • Ended 1st Opium War • Britain • gained control of __________________ • received trading rights in ______ ports • China was forced to compensate Europeans for the war Hong Kong 5

36. Second Opium War • same issues as the first Opium War • Chinese defeated and forced to cede 3 things: • extraterritorial rights, • missionary protection, • and trading privileges to • Britain, • the United States, • France, • and Russia • The Qing emperor refused to ratify peace treaties • French and British occupied____________in _______ • Troops burned imperial gardens at the __________________________ • Russia occupied ____________________ Peking 1860 Summer Palace Vladivostok

37. The Chinese Empire under Siege The Taiping Rebellion East Asia in the nineteenth century HIST 2322 / IDST 2373 Dr. Keller

38. Taiping Rebellion 50 64 • 18____ to 18_____ • Reaction to the Opium Wars’ • humiliation and • economic hardships • Millenarian peasant movement’s goals: • to overthrow the European-dominated Qing dynasty • Create an egalitarian, harmonious society • Over _______________Chinese died • Europeans intervened in the mid 1850s to protect their trading privileges • General _________________________________crushed the rebellion • with the Western-trained _____________________________ • in ______________ • But sporadic resistance continued until ____________ • European efforts to save the Qing dynasty greatly strengthened the _________________interests in China 20 million Charles “Chinese” Gordon “Ever Victorious Army” 1864 1868 commercial

39. The Chinese Empire under Siege Final Assault on the Taipings at Nanjing, 1864 HIST 2322 / IDST 2373 Dr. Keller

40. Sphere of influence • An area over which a powerful nation claims a “vital interest” and, in reality, claims the right to exert dominance. • An outside power claimed economic (trading) privileges. • ______________ was the best example. CHINA

41. Never formally colonized China Hong Kong • Except for ______________________ • European traders remained in their port cities • Foreigners did not penetrate far into Chinese society • British-Chinese relations did retain deeply colonial overtones • The British sought to make the empire pay for itself • ___________= the center of this self-sustaining economic model • ___________ essentially financed Britain’s trade with China • The British obtained opium from India at dirt cheap prices • used in exchange for Chinese luxury goods • Both India and China lost access to ______________through British economic domination • China threw away its silver reserves in order to obtain more and more opium • _____________peasants in the countryside remained discontent in both (2 subject countries) • India • China India India SILVER overtaxed

42. Southeast Asia • European involvement in India and China led to expansion into Southeast Asia • The British East India Co. initially established fortified bases in Southeast Asia • in the 1780s • protected the crucial trade route from India to China • Dutch asked the British to oversee the former’s Southeast Asian holdings • 1795: The French occupation of _____________________during the French Revolution diverted Dutch attention • At the time, the_______constitutedthe largest European power in Southeast Asia • _________: The Dutch regained control of their Southeast Asian territories • The British • received additional territory during this period • Temporary rule spurred demand sfor greater involvement in Southeast Asia • By the _____________(date), • the British emerged as the primary European commercial power in the region • The British possessed_____________________bythis time, including the 3 ports of • Malacca, • Penang, and • Singapore WHEN : WHY : The Netherlands Dutch 1808 WHO : 1820s the Straits Settlements

43. The trade economy ended • soon after the British East India Company gained control of _________________________ • ____________________________= loss of trade monopoly with China • The company’s interest in the India-China sea route faded • Southeast Asia shifted from a trade depot to a raw materials provider in these 2 key products: • Tin • rubber Southeast Asia soon found itself in the traditional colonial economic arrangement of producing raw materials for Europe the Straits Settlements the Charter Act of 1833

44. Independent political powers in Southeast Asia gradually fell under European influence SIAM • ____________ • currently known as ______________________________ • cited by historians as the exception to European rule over Southeast Asia • lost its political and cultural sovereignty to the British • technically retained its__________________independence • Siamese monarch abandoned traditional isolationist attitude in 1820s and 1830s • resumption of relations with Europe resulted in the surrender of some of Siam’s border territories and the negotiation of peace treaties • This helped maintain Siam’s political independence • The king had to engage in a program of _________________________ in order to fend off direct conquest by Europeans • included a European-style system of ______________________ • Appointment of foreign advisors to the ____________________ • essentially dictated Siamese policy decisions concerning European interests in the region • The decision to modernize Siam along Western lines represented the _____________ colonization present around the world Thailand political Westernization education government implicit

45. European Imperialism in the Pacific • Settler Colonies in the Pacific Imperialism in Oceania, ca. 1914 HIST 2322 / IDST 2373 Dr. Keller

46. European Imperialism in the Pacific SETTLER • _________ Colonies in the Pacific • Imperialists in Paradise • Australia • Pacific Islands Queen Liliuokalani HIST 2322 / IDST 2373 Dr. Keller

47. The Pacific Rim • Europeans established SETTLER COLONIES in (2): • Australia and • New Zealand • These settlements stood in contrast to the implicit colonization of the rest of the Pacific Rim • Their colonization deviated from the traditional ideologies of the early 19th century (2): • liberal paternalism • economic imperialism

48. Australia: British Penal Colony • Founded in… • 1788 • humane alternative to… • capital punishment • British government viewed • emigration of free labor as a drain on Britain’s manpower • But countless land-hungry settlers immigrated • In the 1840s, • British settlement of Australia increased • The first generation - cash incentives to immigrate • The Australian Gold Rush of ______________(date) • drastically increased emigration from Britain 1851

49. New Zealand • followed a settlement path similar to that of ____________________ • British settlers first arrived in ____________ • The establishment of the _________________________________________encouraged immigration to the region • The British government actively attempted to discourage emigration to New Zealand Australia 1839 New Zealand Trading Co.

50. Settlement of Australasia mirrored the 17th and 18th century settlement of ______________ The Americas • This European expansion included (3 key aspects) • decimation of indigenous populations, • a thirst for land, and • the frontier mentality • European diseases killed most natives • Expropriating settlers forced most of the survivors off of their native lands • Settlers killed off entire ecosystems while converting forests and prairies into farmland • Indigenous populations lost many of their major ________________sources in this manner • The British government offered military support for settlers and helped displace local populations • ______________________Treaty • 18 ___ • British settlers signed it long with the British government • promised to protect the land rights of local __________ • Settlers quickly broke this treaty, leading to violent conflict • The British government intervened, crushing Maori resistance by the__________ FOOD Waitangi 40 Maoris 1860s