ARCHITECTURE HISTORY

1. ARCHITECTURE HISTORY Arch.Eng.Shireen Abdelrahman

2. العمــارة الفرعونيــــة Old Egypt & First Civilization

3. Egyptian History

4. Egyptian History • Egypt is one of the mostfertileareas of Africa, and one of the most fertile of the countries around the Mediterranean Sea So people came to live in Egypt earlier than in most places, probably around 40,000 years ago • At first there were not very many people, but gradually Egypt became more crowded, so there was more need for a Unified government. • Around 5000-3500 BC years ago, Egypt was first unified Under one ruler, who was called thePharaoh.

5. Egyptian History

6. Egyptian History

7. Egyptian History • From that time until around 525BC when Egypt was Conquered by thePersians Egypt's history is divided into six different time periods. These are called: • Archaic • Old Kingdom • First Intermediate Period • Middle Kingdom • Second Intermediate Period • New Kingdom

8. Egyptian History Narmer Narmer reverse

9. Egyptian Architecture Characteristics • The ancient Egyptians built their pyramids, tombs, temples and palaces out of stone, the most durable of all building materials. • Although earthquakes, wars and the forces of nature have taken their toll, the remains of Egypt’s monumental architectural achievements are visible across the land, a tribute to the greatness of this civilizationتحية لعظمة هذه الحضارة . • These building projects took a high degree of architectural and engineering skill, and the organization of a large workforce consisting of highly trained الحرفيينand laborers. • Due to the scarcity of lumber الخشب ,the two predominant building materialsمواد البناء الشائعة used in ancient Egypt were sun bakedmud brick (adobe) andstone, mainly limestoneالحجر الجيري , but also sandstone and granite in considerable quantitiesبكميات كبيرة

10. Egyptian Architecture Characteristics • From theOld Kingdom onwardمن الدولة القديمة و ما بعدها , stone was generally reserved for tombs andtemples while bricks were used even for royal palaces, fortresses الحصون , the walls of temple and towns, and for subsidiary buildingsالمباني الفرعية in temple complexes • Many ancient Egyptian towns used by peasants الفلاحون have disappeared because they were situated near the cultivated area of the Nile Valley and were flooded during the millennia and built from the mud bricks .

11. Egyptian Architecture Characteristics

12. Egyptian Architecture Characteristics • The dry, hot climate of Egypt preserved some mud brick structures. Examples include the villageDeir Al-Madina,the Middle Kingdom town at Kahunand the fortresses atBuhen. • On the other hand, many temples and tombs have been survived because they were built on high ground land unaffected by the Nile flood and were constructed of stone. • Ancient Egyptian architecture is based mainly on its religious monuments, massive structures characterized by thick, sloping walls with few openings, possibly echoing a method of construction to obtain stability in mud walls. • Massive walls and sturdy, close-spaced columns carrying stone lintels which, in their turn, support the flat roof.

13. Egyptian Architecture Characteristics • Although the use of thearchالعقد was developed during thefourth dynasty الأسرة الرابعةall monumental buildings arepost and lintelالعتبة constructions, with flat roofs constructed of huge stone blocks supported by the external walls and the closely spaced columns • Constructed of huge stone blocks supported by the external walls and the closely spaced columns • Exterior and interior walls, as well as thecolumns andpiersالارصفة ,were covered withhieroglyphic الهيروغليفية and pictorial frescoes الجداريات المصورةand carvings painted المنحوتات الملونة بالوان زاهيةin brilliant colors • Many motifs الزخارفof Egyptian ornamentation aresymbolic, such as thescarabالخنفساء, or sacred beetleالخنفساء المقدسة , thesolar disk قرص الشمس , and thevulture النسر .

14. Ceiling decoration in the peristyle hall of Medinet Habu

15. Egyptian Architecture Characteristics Temple of a million years of Rameses II, Luxor-Colonnade الرواق

16. Temple of Ramesses II, Luxor

17. Egyptian Architecture Characteristics hieroglyphic

18. Ornamentation

19. Egyptian Architecture Characteristics • Other common motifs الزخارف includepalmleaves, thepapyrusplant ورق البردي , and the buds براعمand flowers of thelotus,Hieroglyphics were decoration as well as records of historic events that document stories. • Apart from the pyramids, Egyptian buildings were decorated with paintings, carved stone imagesالصور المحفورة على الحجر , hieroglyphs and three-dimensional statuesالتماثيل ثلاثية الأبعاد . • The art tells the story of the pharaohs, the gods, the common people and the natural world of plants, birds and animals. The beauty and grandeurعظمة of these sites are beyond compare. How the ancient Egyptians were able to construct these massive structures الانشاءات الهائلة using primitive tools أدوات بدائيةis still a mysteryلازالت لغزا .

20. Egyptian Architecture Characteristics Corinthianالكورنثي Assyrianالآشورية Persian baseقاعدة عمود فارسية قاعدة عمود أيونية Ionic base

21. Egyptian Architecture Characteristics Smooth papyrusالبردي

22. Egyptian Architecture Characteristics Papyrus Ornamentationsزخارف البردي

23. Egyptian Architecture Characteristics Temple of Isis, Philae - Detail of Columnمعبد ايزيس وادي الفيلة

24. Egyptian Architecture Characteristics chariot guyسائق العربة

25. Egyptian Architecture Characteristics

26. Egyptian Architecture Characteristics رمسيس الثالث Rameses iii

27. Egyptian Architecture Characteristics حتشبسوت hatshepsut Tutankhamonتوت عنخ آمون akhenatenاخناتون cleopatra(1) نيفيرتيتيnefertiti

28. Egyptian Architecture Characteristics music

29. Architecture Influences Factors العوامل المؤثرة في تكوين العمارة المصرية القديمة Influences Factors of Ancient Egyptian Architecture There were six factors that influence the construction of architecture styles which are: • Historical • Geological • Climatic • Religious • Social • Geographical Historical Factors Natural Factors Civil Factors

30. Architecture Influences Factors Analysis of Architecture Styles Elements • Plans • Walls • Openings • Roofs • Columns • Moldings • Ornaments • Composition • Construction • Function • Treatment • Position

31. 1. Historical Factors • Archaic-3411 – 3100--Unification of all Egypt • Old Kingdom, - 3100 _ 2181--Construction of the • First Intermediate Period, 2181 – 2125-- pyramids Political chaos • Middle Kingdom, 2125 – 1650--Recovery, political stability • Second Intermediate Period 1650 - 1550-- Hyksos "invasion • New Kingdom, 1550 - 1069--Creation of the Egyptian Empire • الامبراطورية المصرية • Akanaten's religious strategy ديانة اخناتون

32. Important Kingdoms • TheEgyptiansbuilt different kinds of buildings at different times, just like any other group of people. • Early part of the Old Kingdom, • the Egyptians built mainly mastabasمصطبة , a kind of tomb with a flat roof like a house. • Old Kingdom • the Egyptians built thepyramid tombs which are now so famous. Of course they also built smaller buildings likehouses andbutcher shops. • Middle Kingdom • the mastaba tomb came back again, although in a more elaborate form for the Pharaohs. They didn't build any more pyramids. • New Kingdom • temple ofAmon at Luxor, there was a lot of building that was not tombs: temples for the gods especially, but also palaces for the Pharaohs

33. Important Kingdoms mastaba Step Pyramid Giza Pyramids Temples

34. 2. Geographical Factors • The environment of Egypt was a unique favorable to early settlements and the development of centralized state. • It is the black land comprising of long narrow valley of the majestic Nile النيل العظيم its rich alluvial fertile soil bounded on each side by arid desert, beginning with gentle slope. • The sharp, clear, and precise topographyالطبوغرافية المحددة , the line between black land of the valley and the extensive delta and Red land of the desert due to the lack of other water sources. • through the Ancient periods Egypt control the Red Sea foreign trade through the entrances and exists of both Red Sea and Mediterranean Sea. • Due to the importance of Nile as the backbone العمود الفقريof the Egyptian life, cities divided for both death and life people.

35. 2. Geographical Factors الغابات المطيرة rainforest

36. 2. Geographical Factors 2. Geographical Factors ضفاف النيلNile Banks

37. 3. Geological Factors • Desert were rich in NaturalBuildings Material (stones and mineral) like timber, Mud, Bricks, Stone • The Stone which was the best of all materials Classified as Limestone, sand stone, Alabaster, Granites, Basaltبازلت • Natural Materials used not only for buildings but also for Decoration ,Ornamentation, and Domestic toolsالادوات المنزلية • The existence of the Nile and the Eastern and western deserts influence the building of temples or tombs which were dug in mountains. • crystalline Limestone الحجر الجيري البللوريdominates تهيمن علىthe landscape of the north limestone ,Sandstone predominate the upper part, Basalt formation extend over wide areas dawn • These factors also reflect on temporary housesمنازل مؤقتة and the permanent abode الاقامة الدائمةfar away from the Nile and from stones • Limestone Architecture : Limestone Buildings • Brown Architecture: Building from Red Bricks, green bricks, palm leaves in roofs

38. 3. Geological Factors Limestone

39. 4. Climatic Facotrs • Temperature rarely exceeded 38C but rainfall was sparse, inadequate متناثر وغير كافي , and irrigation was required for agriculture • Due to the lack of ice and raining the year was divided to two semesters Summer and Spring • Desert shielded Egypt from external influences and the river was an effective means of communication • Due to the stable climate, Buildings are not so complex and build in simple manner unlike other areas.

40. 5. Religious Factors • Close connection between religion and architecture is everywhere manifest, characteristics reflected faithfully in tombs and temples, gods and kings (kings were kings for people and representatives for gods-priests). • Elaborate preparation for body preservation after death • Royal cult of the sun, while worship of Osiris لكن عبادة اوزوريس, god of death and resurrection to eternal lifeاله الموت و القيامة للحياة الأبدية are the most popular. • A 2000 local gods like Amun- sun god Mout his wife-mother of things, their son khones- moon god, Ptah the creator, sckht god of war and fire, Amhotep- god of medicin, Horas-god of sun, Hatour-god of love, Serapis-God of Cows. • Strong believe of resurrection قيامةof soulالروح affect both the earthly dwelling buildings (the temporary lodging-housesالاقامة المؤقتة للمنازل ) and the eternal life buildingsمباني الحياة الابدية(permanent abode-temples and tombsالاقامة الدائمة للمقابر و المعابد )

41. 6. Social Factors • According to Greek and Romans Historians Egyptian civilization is the oldest one started 40000 BC. • Settlement took place around the head of the delta, and along the river banks. • They erect their temples لقد اقاموا معابدهمafter they lived the area and they started the sunset and the houses refer to the sunrise which will disappear.المنازل تشير للشروق و المعابد تشير الى الغروب • Sicklesالمنجل, querns الفاس, mortars لوح الملاط, pestles المدقة, pounders الشاقوش Vesselsالاواني flint الصوانare ground stone tools. • Burials and graves are under the floorالمدافن و القبور تحت الأرض • The overall layout of buildings is seldom and spread, because cities grew over generations تخطيط شامل للمباني و مدن نمت عبر الأجيال • Abundant labour forces was availableقوى عاملة وفيرة و متاحة • Lack of timber for large building workقلة الخشب في أعمال المباني but palm branch ribsأفرع النخيل use for houses and roofing and papyrus, reeds are local material, plaster over with clay were tractable materials

42. Pharaohs Architecture Characteristic • General Characteristic • Courtyard idea with high openings فتحات مرتفعة • Lightings and Ventilation depends on differences between different Roofs levels • Simplicity in design but huge composition based on deep studies and planning • Design treatments using courts of columns • Concentration on squares and rectangles shapes • Temple Design Characteristic: • Path Leading to the Entrance with two rows of status • The entrance is a gate between two towers (Pylonsأبراج ) • Flats Roofs • Masalla in front of the towers • -

43. Philosophy of Egyptian Architecture • The Pharaohs Respect their traditions, their religious philosophy, their real art which reflect their active feelings • Pharaohs provide their tombs and temples with all pleasure things that make it as a receptionHalls • It was surrounded with vague الغموضand fearالخوف so going more inmeans more darknessالظلام , decrease of ceilings heights تقليل ارتفاعات الاسقف , slowly disappearing of light و يختفي الضوء ببطء , and concentration on gods signs التركيز على علامات الآلهة • They spend some generations in constructing their ideas and design, filtering and limiting their expressions around the heart • going farther back we have the Sphinx at Giza stands as a sentinel كحارس between us and those hidden stages of evolution which preceded the dawn of the historical stylesو التي سبقت بزوغ الأنماط التاريخية . • The Pyramids, which are amongst the oldest monuments, were religious in origin and were the outcomeنتاج of that insistent belief in a future life هذا الاعتقاد يصر على الحياة في المستقبل which was the governing idea of the religion of the Egyptians, who also believed that the preservation of the body تحنيط الجثث was essential to secure the immortality of the soulتأمين خلود الروح .

44. Philosophy of Egyptian Architecture • The Pharaohs therefore reared, as royal fortresses القلاع الملكيfor their mummified bodiesالجثث المحنطة , those stupendous mounds of masonryتلك الأكوام الهائلة من البناء و الصخور which, even in these days of engineering skill, remain a wonder to the world. Herodotus recordsمدونات هيرودوت that the dwelling-house was regarded as a temporary lodging, and the tomb as the permanent abodeالاقامة الدائمة .

45. Philosophy of Egyptian Architecture • Pyramids and mastabas reveal تكشف عنthe Egyptian belief in a future state ; while temples, with their courts guarded by enclosing walls, are the outward and material expression of the domination of a powerful traditional and mysterious religious rites هي التعبير الخارجي والمادي للهيمنة قوية من الطقوس التقليدية والدينية الغامضة • Temples, approached along imposing avenues of sphinxesتمثال أبو الهول , alike in their mysterious plansخطط غامضة ,, tell of the exclusiveness of theforbidding aspect, and mystic hieroglyphics Egyptian religion ; for there were not places of worship for the people, but rather sanctuaries for kings and priests لم يكن هناك أماكن العبادة للشعب ، وإنما ملاذات آمنة للملوك والكهنة • These colossal monuments reveal not only the religious faith, but also the social and industrial conditions of the land of the Pharaohs in those far-off days ; for such massive buildings would have been impossible without a despotic government and the forced labour of a vast population of slaves and captives. تكشف هذه الآثار الهائلة ، ليس فقط على الإيمان الديني ، وإنما أيضا للظروف الاجتماعية والصناعية للأرض الفراعنة في تلك الأيام بعيدة ؛ لمثل هذه المباني الضخمة كانت ستكون مستحيلة من دون حكومة استبدادية ، والعمل القسري للسكان واسعة من العبيد والأسرى.

46. Philosophy of Egyptian Architecture The wall preserved temple of Horus at Edfu

47. Philosophy of Egyptian Architecture hall of Karnak Temple

48. Philosophy of Egyptian Architecture The Giza pyramid field, viewed from the southwest

49. Philosophy of Egyptian Architecture The Pyramids of Giza1

50. Philosophy of Egyptian Architecture Temple of Ramesses II, Luxor