ARCHITECTURE HISTORY

ARCHITECTURE HISTORY ENG.NABEEL M. AIAD ENG.NABEEL M. AIAD

INTRODUCTION العمــارة الرومانية ٌRomans Architecture ENG.NABEEL M. AIAD

العوامل المؤثرة في تكوين العمارة الرومانية Influence FactorsRomans Architecture There were six factors that influence the construction of architecture styles which are: • Historical • Geographical • Geological • Climatic • Religious • Social Historical Factors Natural Factors Civil Factors ENG.NABEEL M. AIAD

ENG.NABEEL M. AIAD

Geographical • The comparative long coast-line of the Italian Peninsula forms a strong contrast to the complexity of the coast-lines of Greece and the islands of the Archipelago. • Italy has few natural harbours and few islands along her shores. • The great chain of the Apennines runs like a spine down the centre of Italy and much of the country is very mountainous, • It is not broken up into isolated little valleys to the same extent as is Greece. • These geographical differences between the countries of the Greeks and the Romans have their equally differences of national character. • The central and commanding position of Italy in the Mediterranean Sea enabled Rome to act as an intermediary in spreading art and civilization over Europe, Western Asia, and North Africa. ` ENG.NABEEL M. AIAD

In their Empire-building the Romans proceeded logically : they conquered first by war, dominated by force of character, and then ruled by laws and civilised by arts and letters. • They depended for the extension of their power, not on colonisation, but on conquest. The Roman power was built up, first of all in Italy, by absorption of little States, • The Roman Empire was not confined geographically to Italy, included all those parts of Europe, North Africa,and Western Asia which constituted the then-known world. ENG.NABEEL M. AIAD

map of Rome Geography. ENG.NABEEL M. AIAD

Pietro del Massaio, map of Rome Ptolemy’s Geography. ENG.NABEEL M. AIAD

Detail of Pirro Ligorio’s Imago antiquae urbis showing Colosseum area. ENG.NABEEL M. AIAD

Basilicas ENG.NABEEL M. AIAD

Geological • The geological formation of Italy differs from that of Greece. • So in addition to marble the chief and the only Greece building • Material, the Romans could procure terra-cotta, stone, and brick, all of • which used even for important buildings. • Roman building materials • Marble from Rome and all over Italy • Travertine, a hard limestone from Tivoli • Tufa, a volcanic substance of which the hills of Rome are mainly composed ; • Peperino, a stone of volcanic origin from Mount Albano ; • Lava from volcanic eruptions • excellent sand and gravel. • The building material led to great structural innovations which is • concrete formed of pozzolana mixed with lime forming exceedingly • hard and cohesive concrete ENG.NABEEL M. AIAD

Limestone ENG.NABEEL M. AIAD

Sand Soil ENG.NABEEL M. AIAD

ENG.NABEEL M. AIAD Sand Soil

ENG.NABEEL M. AIAD Travertine

ENG.NABEEL M. AIAD A cement mithraeum, in Italy

ENG.NABEEL M. AIAD A cement building

ENG.NABEEL M. AIAD Mud bricks

ENG.NABEEL M. AIAD Fired bricks

Marble ENG.NABEEL M. AIAD

Domes, vaults and walls were formed of concrete, and they were faced with brick, stone, alabaster, porphyry and other marbles, hewn from quarries by armies of slaves. • White and colored marbles were imported from- all parts of the • Empire to special wharves and were worked up by slaves and • convicts. • Roman architecture spread over the world, and variously • influenced by the materials found in the widely differing localities • but concrete, which in conjunction with brick and stone casing was • the favorite uniformity material of Roman architecture style • Local geological influences in Syria, as at Baalbek, also in Egypt, • as at Philae, yield many quarries so that stone blocks took the place • of Roman concrete, ENG.NABEEL M. AIAD

Climate • North Italy has the climate of the temperate region of Europe, Central Italy is genial and sunny, while the south is almost tropical. • The variety of climatic conditions has diversity of architectural features and treatment in the peninsula, • The differing climates of the various Roman provinces from England to North Africa, and from Syria to Spain, produced local modifications in details which leave little choice in general design. ENG.NABEEL M. AIAD

Religious • The religion of ancient Rome was part of the constitution of the State, and even the worship of the gods kept up only as a matter of State policy. • The Emperor received divine honors and may almost be described as the head of the Pantheon of deities of the various provinces • Religious feeling had not so strong for the Romans and did not affect the life of the people ; nor do it formed the bond of union • The position of the Emperor as Pontifex Maximus is rather indicative of the glorification of the Empire than of religion, • The principal buildings are not only temples, but also public buildings which were the material expression of Roman rule and Imperial power. • Priests had no place in Roman religion and every house, whether palace, villa, or " domus," had an altar, worship as part of religious rites ; ENG.NABEEL M. AIAD

Greek name Roman name Description Zeus* Jupiter* The supreme god, and ruler of the sky Hera Juno Wife of Zeus, goddess of marriage Apollo Apollo God of law and reason, art, music and poetry, founder of cities Athena Minerva Goddess of wisdom and learning Poseidon* Neptune* The sea god Dionysus Bacchus God of wine, feasting and revelry Demeter Ceres Goddess of earth and agriculture Artemis Diana Goddess of the Chase Hermes Mercury Messenger of the gods Aphrodite Venus God of love, beauty and commerce Hephaestus Vulcan God of fire, flame, forge and handicrafts Ares Mars God of war Hades* Niki Heracle Pluto* Nike Heracles God of the underworld God of Victory God of strength and labour pan, god of the flocks. ENG.NABEEL M. AIAD

ENG.NABEEL M. AIAD Athena - Goddess of wisdom and learning

Social • Italy was inhabited many races Etruscans, - Aryan people who were great builders and the Greeks had colonies in the south Italy • The early form of government in Italy that of Greece, and towns or districts were joined together • The " Building Acts " of Augustus controlled the city architecture • The social life of the Romans appeared in their architecture—there were thermae for games and bathing, circuses for races, amphitheatres for gladiatorial contests, theatres for dramas, basilicas for law, State temples for religion,Palaces,Villas and the " domus " for the family life, while the Forum was everywhere the centre of public life and national commerce. • Romans developed their capacity as law-makers, The supreme power of the father, was the foundation-stone of family life, and obedience to authority, to the head of the household, or to censors in the State • In the Roman social system there were only patricians, plebeians and slaves, and no middle class. • Roman women has high respect, family life was protected, ENG.NABEEL M. AIAD

ENG.NABEEL M. AIAD Colossim

ENG.NABEEL M. AIAD Roman aqueduct

ARCHITECTURE HISTORY