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Announcements

Announcements. Read Chapter 19 for Thursday – we will discuss it. HW 10: Due Tuesday Dec. 6 Final project: Due Friday Dec. 9 Volunteers for project demos? . Benford’s law: Distribution of leading digits. Explanation of Benford’s law. Explanation of Benford’s law.

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Announcements

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  1. Announcements • Read Chapter 19 for Thursday – we will discuss it. • HW 10: Due Tuesday Dec. 6 • Final project: Due Friday Dec. 9 • Volunteers for project demos?

  2. Benford’s law: Distribution of leading digits

  3. Explanation of Benford’s law

  4. Explanation of Benford’s law

  5. Four Principles of Information Processing In Living Systems(Complexity: A Guided Tour, Chapter 12) • Global information is encoded as statistics and dynamics of patterns over the systems components. • Randomness and probabilities are essential • The system carries out a fine-grained parallel search of possibilities. • The system exhibits a continual interplay of bottom-up and top-down processes.

  6. Consider the following cognitive activities

  7. Recognition:

  8. Recognition: • A child learns to recognize cats and dogs in books as well as in real life.

  9. Recognition: • A child learns to recognize cats and dogs in books as well as in real life.

  10. People can recognize letters of the alphabet, e.g., ‘A’, in many different typefaces and handwriting styles.

  11. People can recognize letters of the alphabet, e.g., ‘A’, in many different typefaces and handwriting styles.

  12. People can recognize styles of music:

  13. People can recognize styles of music: • “That sounds like Mozart”

  14. People can recognize styles of music: • “That sounds like Mozart” • “That’s a muzak version of ‘Hey Jude’”

  15. People can recognize styles of music: • “That sounds like Mozart” • “That’s a muzak version of ‘Hey Jude’” • People can recognize abstract situations:

  16. People can recognize styles of music: • “That sounds like Mozart” • “That’s a muzak version of ‘Hey Jude’” • People can recognize abstract situations: • A “Cinderella story” • “Another Vietnam” • “Monica-gate” • “Shop-aholic”

  17. People make scientific analogies:

  18. People make scientific analogies: • “Biological competition is like economic competition” (Darwin)

  19. People make scientific analogies: • “Biological competition is like economic competition” (Darwin) • “The nuclear force is like the electromagnetic force” (Yukawa)

  20. People make scientific analogies: • “Biological competition is like economic competition” (Darwin) • “The nuclear force is like the electromagnetic force” (Yukawa) • “The computer is like the brain” (von Neumann)

  21. People make scientific analogies: • “Biological competition is like economic competition” (Darwin) • “The nuclear force is like the electromagnetic force” (Yukawa) • “The computer is like the brain” (von Neumann) • “The brain is like the computer” (Simon, Newell, etc.)

  22. People make unconscious analogies

  23. People make unconscious analogies Man:“I’m going shopping for a valentine for my wife.”

  24. People make unconscious analogies Man:“I’m going shopping for a valentine for my wife.” Female colleague:“I did that yesterday.”

  25. Main idea is that we understand abstract concepts by analogy with the concrete physical world.

  26. Some examples • Happy/Good = up • “My mood has risen since yesterday.” • “Things have been going up lately” • “I like to get high.” • Sad/Bad = down • “My work is going downhill.” • “She’s feeling depressed.” • “That’s a real downer.”

  27. Understanding/Knowledge = seeing / light • “I see what you mean.” • “Thanks for enlightening me.” • “Can you shed any light on this situation?.” • Confusion/Ignorance = blindness/dark • “I can’t see my way through his argument.” • “She left me in the dark.” • “I have brainfog in the morning.”

  28. Love/Attraction = physical force • “I’m falling in love.” • “There’s a strong chemistry between us.” • “I could feel the electricity between them; there were a lot of sparks.” • “He has a lot of magnetism.” • “When I’m with him, the atmosphere is charged.” • Ideas = food • “I need some time to digest that idea.” • “Your idea is half-baked.” • “That’s a theory you can sink your teeth into.” • “That gave me some food for thought.”

  29. Significant/Important = large • “He’s a big name in the field.” • “He’s a giant among writers.” • “What are the big ideas in your field?” • “Her accomplishments tower over those of others in her area.” • Vitality / Energy = a substance ; people = containers • “He’s brimming with spirit.” • “She’s overflowing with vitality.” • “He’s devoid of energy.” • “I’m always drained at the end of the day.”

  30. Emotional effect = physical contact • “Getting fired hit him hard.” • “That movie bowled me over.” • “She made a big impression on me” • “That blew me away.” • “I was really struck by his sincerity.” • Vitality / Energy = a substance ; people = containers • “He’s brimming with spirit.” • “She’s overflowing with vitality.” • “He’s devoid of energy.” • “I’m always drained at the end of the day.”

  31. Copycat: A computer program that models human analogy-making(Douglas Hofstadter, Melanie Mitchell, Jim Marshall)

  32. Idealizing analogy-making abc ---> abd ijk--->

  33. Idealizing analogy-making abc ---> abd ijk ---> ijl(replace rightmost letter by successor)

  34. Idealizing analogy-making abc ---> abd ijk ---> ijl(replace rightmost letter by successor) ijd(replace rightmost letter by ‘d’)

  35. Idealizing analogy-making abc ---> abd ijk ---> ijl(replace rightmost letter by successor) ijd(replace rightmost letter by ‘d’) ijk(replace all ‘c’sby ‘d’s)

  36. Idealizing analogy-making abc ---> abd ijk ---> ijl(replace rightmost letter by successor) ijd(replace rightmost letter by ‘d’) ijk(replace all ‘c’sby ‘d’s) abd(replace any string by ‘abd’)

  37. Idealizing analogy-making abc ---> abd iijjkk ---> ?

  38. Idealizing analogy-making abc ---> abd iijjkk ---> iijjkl Replace rightmost letter by successor

  39. Idealizing analogy-making abc ---> abd iijjkk ---> ?

  40. Idealizing analogy-making abc ---> abd iijjkk ---> iijjll Replace rightmost “letter” by successor

  41. Idealizing analogy-making abc ---> abd kji ---> ?

  42. Idealizing analogy-making abc ---> abd kji ---> kjj Replace rightmost letter by successor

  43. Idealizing analogy-making abc ---> abd kji ---> ?

  44. Idealizing analogy-making abc ---> abd kji ---> lji Replace “rightmost” letter by successor

  45. Idealizing analogy-making abc ---> abd kji ---> ?

  46. Idealizing analogy-making abc ---> abd kji ---> ?

  47. Idealizing analogy-making abc ---> abd kji ---> kjh Replace rightmost letter by “successor”

  48. Idealizing analogy-making abc ---> abd mrrjjj ---> ?

  49. Idealizing analogy-making abc ---> abd mrrjjj ---> mrrjjk Replace rightmost letter by successor

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