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World War II

World War II. THE SHADOW OF WAR International Affairs 1921-1941. How and for what reasons did U.S. foreign policy change between 1920 and 1941? (To what extent did the United States adopt an isolationist policy in the 1920s and 1930s?). GUIDING QUESTION. Peace with Germany, 1921

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World War II

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  1. World WarII

  2. THE SHADOW OF WARInternational Affairs 1921-1941

  3. How and for what reasons did U.S. foreign policy change between 1920 and 1941? (To what extent did the United States adopt an isolationist policy in the 1920s and 1930s?) GUIDING QUESTION

  4. Peace with Germany, 1921 League of Nations - “unofficial observers” Washington Conference (1922) Five-Power Naval Treaty of 1922 Nine-Power Treaty– “Open Door” in China Significance: battleships and aircraft carriers only; no enforcement mechanism Kellogg-Briand Pact (Pact of Paris)(1928) Problems: “defensive wars”, no enforcement mechanism Fordney-McCumber Tariff (1922) Dawes Plan (1924) DIPLOMACY IN THE 1920S: ENGAGEMENT WITHOUT ENTANGLEMENTS

  5. Hoover – troops out of Haiti (1932), Nicaragua (1933) “Good Neighbor Policy” 1933 – US renounced intervention (Roosevelt Corollary) 1934 - Marines pulled out of Haiti 1934 – Cuba released from terms of Platt Amendment 1938 – Mexico nationalized oil cos.; money settlement instead armed intervention U.S. recognized the Soviet Union (1933) DIPLOMACY IN THE 1930s: FROM ENGAGEMENT TO ISOLATIONISM

  6. Neutrality Acts of 1935, 1936 and 1937 German aggression 1935 – compulsory military service; air force and armored divisions Rhineland, 1936 Austria, 1938 Munich Conference (Sept 1938) appeasement March 1939 – Germany took remainder of Czechoslovakia FROM ISOLATIONISM TO WAR

  7. Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact (August 1939) Invasion of Poland (Sept 1, 1939) blitzkrieg Denmark Norway France Dunkirk Battle of Britain (Aug. 1940 -June 1941) Invasion of Soviet Union (June 1941) Soviet Aggression Eastern Poland(Sept 1939) Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania(1940) “moral embargo”against USSR FROM ISOLATIONISM TO WAR

  8. FDR’s“Quarantine” speech(1937, after Japanese invasion of China) “Preparedness” Change in US Policy Most alarmed by German conquests, but wanted no part in war FDR: Britain essential to US defense; began chipping away at neutrality legislation any way he could to assist GB cash-and-carry policy (1939) Selective Service Act (Sept 1940) Destroyers for Bases Deal (Sept 1940) FROM ISOLATIONISM TO WAR Anti-Third Term Buttons, 1940

  9. Gallup Polls: European War and World War 1938–1940

  10. “Arsenal of Democracy” Lend-Lease Act (March 1941) “shoot on sight”(July 1941) Atlantic Charter (Aug 1941) FROM ISOLATIONISM TO WAR Roosevelt and Churchill at Atlantic Charter Meeting, 1941 (Franklin D. Roosevelt Library) America First bumper sticker: "Keep Our Boys at Home" (Herbert Hoover Presidential Library)

  11. Japanese Aggression 1931-1941

  12. Japanese Aggression through 1941

  13. DISPUTES WITH JAPAN economic pressure on Japan (steel, oil) Pearl Harbor (Dec 7 1941) 2400 killed (over 1100 on Arizona), 1200 wounded; 21 warships sunk or severely damaged; over 300 planes destroyed or severely damaged FROM ISOLATIONISM TO WAR FDR before Congress asking for a Declaration of War against Japan, Dec. 8, 1941 The U.S.S. West Virginia, Pearl Harbor (U.S. Army)

  14. Japanese Expansion and Early Battles in the Pacific

  15. To what extent did the Second World War bring about lasting change in the American society, economy and government? GUIDING QUESTION

  16. WAR ONTHEHOME FRONT

  17. 1.Industrial Production War Production Board converted industries, allocated materials, and organized drives to recycle any usable products. By 1944, war production double that of all Axis powers Factories changed their production decided by the WPB. Example: automobile factories started making tanks and planes within weeks. MOBILIZING THE ECONOMY

  18. Effects of War Spending

  19. 2. Office of Price Administration rationing 3. Controlling Labor ”no-strike” pledges Smith-Connally Anti-Strike Act (War Labor Disputes Act) (1943) union membership: major increase MOBILIZING THE ECONOMY Labor Union Membership, 1920-1960 Ration Card

  20. 4.Farmers – farm income doubled, as in World War I (tripled compared to the depression) 5. Financing the War: $321 billion total! cost $100 billion for 1945 alone Liberty Bonds MOBILIZING THE ECONOMY Military Expenditures and the National Debt, 1929-1945 War Bond

  21. 6. Propaganda Office of War Information Result: largely avoided anti-German hysteria of WWI anti-Japanese hysteria on West Coast MOBILIZING THE ECONOMY

  22. MOBILIZING THE ECONOMY

  23. Effects on Society

  24. End of the Depression High employment Farm crisis ended personal income increased rationing savings Union membership Corporate consolidation EFFECTS ON THE HOMEFRONT: IMPACT ON THE ECONOMY

  25. Armed Forces - 200K+ women; non-combat roles: clerical jobs in WACS and WAVES. Work Force - 6.5 million women entered (57% increase) concentrated in government clerical jobs "Rosie the Riveter" Families – “8-hour orphans”, juvenile delinquency, crime, child care Surveys of time: real concern that families were negatively impacted by war EFFECTS ON THE HOMEFRONT: WOMEN, WORK AND FAMILY

  26. Government WWII video http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eKrHfTGWxQ4

  27. Second Great Migration Race riots - Detroit and New York (1943) Armed Forces: Million+ served; in segregated units Efforts to end discrimination: black unions, threatened marches (A. Philip Randolph on Washington 1942) - pressure on companies with gov’t contracts FDR’s response: Executive order prohibiting discrimination in defense plants Fair Employment Practices Commission to investigate discrimination IMPACT ON SOCIETY: Minorities & Rights • Results: • Significant decrease in number willing to accept status of second class citizens. • Repudiation of Nazi racism strengthened civil rights efforts

  28. Segregated Units

  29. Japanese Americans Internment Executive Order 8066 Korematsu v. U.S. (1944) In re Endo(1944) EFFECTS ON THE HOMEFRONT: IMPACT ON MINORITIES & CIVIL RIGHTS Japanese American Internment Camps

  30. Internment Camp Video http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PgmbOh9zJLY

  31. Japanese-American store Members of the Mochida family awaiting evacuation bus Japanese-American Internment Awaiting baggage inspection upon arrival at Assembly Center, Turlock, CA, May 2, 1942 Crowd of onlookers on the first day of evacuation from the Japanese quarter in San Francisco

  32. War Relocation authority center, Manzanar, California. July 3, 1942 Japanese-American Internment Newly arrived evacuees outside of mess hall at noon, Tanforan Assembly Center. San Bruno, CA, April 29, 1942.(National Archives and Records Administration) The Hirano family, Colorado River Relocation Center, Poston, AZ

  33. New Deal programs - partially eliminated (Ex: WPA, CCC). Vast expansion of power for federal government Election of 1944 FDR ran for unprecedented fourth term Thomas E. Dewey (Rep Gov NY) – biggest issue: govt control over peoples’ lives Harry S Truman GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS: EXPANSION OF GOVERNMENT POWER Employees in the Executive Branch, 1901–1995 Presidential Election of 1944

  34. WAR IN EUROPE

  35. Operation Torch (1942-May 1943) Gen. George C. Marshall Second front in France? Stalingrad (Dec 1942/Jan 1943) Air War incendiary raids on Hamburg, Berlin and Dresden Invasion of Italy Mussolini DEFEATING GERMANY

  36. D-Day

  37. Invasion of Normandy Eisenhower Meets with Paratroopers before D-Day D-DAY LANDING JUNE 6, 1944 After the Normandy Invasion

  38. Allied invasion of France Normandy - D-Day (June 6, 1944) Battle of the Bulge (late December 1944) Fall of Germany Berlin (June 2, 1945) Hitler suicide (April 30) Surrender May 8, 1945 (V-E Day) DEFEATING GERMANY

  39. WAR IN THE PACIFIC

  40. Why did the United States decide to use atomic bombs against Japan? (strictly military measure to end the war? or diplomatic measure designed to intimidate the Soviet Union in the postwar era?) GUIDING QUESTION

  41. Philippines Bataan Death March Battle of Coral Sea (May 7-8, 1942) Midway (June 4-7, 1942) Island-hopping Gen Douglass MacArthur Admiral Chester Nimitz Solomon Islands – Guadalcanal WAR IN THE PACIFIC

  42. Island-Hopping in the Pacific American Troops Before Amphibious Landing US troops wading ashore Butaritari, November 1943 Attempting to Secure a Beachhead on Pacific Island Sprawled bodies on beach Tarawa

  43. Leyte Gulf (Oct 1944) kamikazes Iwo Jima (Feb-March 1945) Okinawa (April – June 1945) WAR IN THE PACIFIC Flag Raising on Iwo Jima

  44. FDR death (Warm Springs, GA, April 12, 1945) Harry S Truman (President 1945-53) BEGINNING THE ATOMIC AGE Churchill, Roosevelt & Stalin at Yalta, Feb. 1945 President Truman addressing Congress after Roosevelt’s death

  45. Manhattan Project (begun 1942) Alamagordo, NM, July 16, 1945 Unconditional surrender or face “utter destruction” Hiroshima (August 6, 1945) Nagasaki (August 9, 1945) Japan surrender September 2, 1945 (V-J Day) BEGINNING THE ATOMIC AGE Col. Paul W. Tibbets, Jr., & the ENOLA GAY Atomic Bombs: “Little Boy” &“Fat Man”

  46. Hiroshima After the Bomb Blast, August 6, 1945

  47. Hiroshima After the Bomb Blast, August 6, 1945

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