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Evolution of FORTRAN Programming Language

Explore the history and features of FORTRAN programming language, from its early versions to modern implementations, including data types, operators, program flow control, and sample code snippets.

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Evolution of FORTRAN Programming Language

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  1. Programming Languages(ICE 1341)Lecture #13April 14, 2004In-Young Koiko .AT. icu.ac.krInformation and Communications University (ICU) ICE 1341 – Programming Languages (Lecture #13) In-Young Ko

  2. Announcements • The solution of the midterm exam is now available on the class homepage ICE 1341 – Programming Languages (Lecture #13) In-Young Ko

  3. FORTRAN (Formula Translating System) • Designed to efficiently translate mathematical formulas into IBM 704 machine code IBM 704 (1954) “The first mass-produced computer with core memory and floating-point arithmetic” Photo: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory ICE 1341 – Programming Languages (Lecture #13) In-Young Ko

  4. Statement Number (1-5) FORTRAN Statement (7-72) Continuation (6) Identification Sequence (73-80) FORTRAN Coding Format FORTRAN programs were written in a coding form with a strict formatting rule J.W. Perry Cole, ANSI FORTRAN IV, wcb ICE 1341 – Programming Languages (Lecture #13) In-Young Ko

  5. Punched Cards Photos: http://www.tno.nl/instit/fel/museum/computer/en/punchcards.html Coded FORTRAN programs were converted onto punched cards for loading ICE 1341 – Programming Languages (Lecture #13) In-Young Ko

  6. Early FORTRAN Versions • FORTRAN I (1957) • Names could have up to six characters (IBM 704 has a 6-bit BCD character set and 36-bit word) • Post-test counting loop (DO), Formatted I/O, User-defined subprograms, Three-way selection statement (arithmetic IF) • No data typing statements (Implicit Type Declaration – Variables whose names begin with I, J, K, L, M, and N are integer types, all others are floating point) • FORTRAN II (1958) • Independent compilation of subroutines * AW Lecture Notes ICE 1341 – Programming Languages (Lecture #13) In-Young Ko

  7. Later FORTRAN Versions • FORTRAN IV (1960-62) – ANSIstandard in 1966 • Explicit type declarations • Logical selection statement • Subprogram names could be parameters • FORTRAN 77 (1978) • Character string handling • Logical loop control statement • IF-THEN-ELSE statement • FORTRAN 90 (1990) • Free coding format • Modules, Dynamic arrays, Pointers, Recursion, CASE statement * AW Lecture Notes ICE 1341 – Programming Languages (Lecture #13) In-Young Ko

  8. A Sample FORTRAN Program C *** This is a sample FORTRAN IV program PROGRAM SAMPLE READ (5, 990) A, B 990 FORMAT (F5.2, F5.2) SUM = A + B WRITE (6, 81) A, B, SUM 81 FORMAT (1X, F5.2, 3X, F5.2, 3X, F6.2) STOP END J.W. Perry Cole, ANSI FORTRAN IV, wcb ICE 1341 – Programming Languages (Lecture #13) In-Young Ko

  9. FORTRAN Data Types (1) • Integer • Implicit Typing: Variables whose names begin with I~N • Explicit Declaration e.g., INTEGER A, TOTAL • Real – Single precision floating point number • Implicit Typing: Variables whose names begin with other than A~H or O-Z • Explicit Declaration e.g., REAL J, R • Double precision floating point number e.g., DOUBLE PRECISION A, X ICE 1341 – Programming Languages (Lecture #13) In-Young Ko

  10. FORTRAN Data Types (2) • Complex e.g., COMPLEX A, B, C A = (3.5, -7.24) B = (-8.21, 5.67) C = A + B • Character e.g., CHARACTER C, NAME*20, ADDR*30 CHARACTER*20 STR1, STR2 Character constants: e.g., ‘C’, ‘Go ICU’ Hollerith Strings: e.g., 1HC, 5HGoICU • Logical (Boolean) e.g., LOGICAL X, Y, FLAG Logical constants: .TRUE. or .FALSE. ICE 1341 – Programming Languages (Lecture #13) In-Young Ko

  11. Variable Initializations and Arrays • Variable Initializations e.g., DATA A/1.0/, L/2/, B,C/4.0, 5.0/ DATA ARYX(3)/1.333/, T(1),T(2),T(3)/3*0.0/ DATA C(1)/1HS/, C(2)/1HD/, TAG/3HYes • Arrays e.g., DIMENSION A(5), B(10,7), N(3,5,20) INTEGER X(7,5) REAL MATRIX(-6:4, 7, -5:10), K DIMENSION K(20) J.W. Perry Cole, ANSI FORTRAN IV, wcb ICE 1341 – Programming Languages (Lecture #13) In-Young Ko

  12. FORTRAN Operators • Arithmetic Operators: +, -, *, /, ** (exponentiation) • Mixed mode expressions – evaluated in integer mode if all operands are integer, evaluated in real mode otherwise e.g., 86.3 * K + R / 16.5 ** J All are evaluated in real • Relational Operators: .LT.,.LE.,.GT.,.GE.,.EQ.,.NE. e.g., IF (RESULT .LT. 0.0) STOP • Logical Operators: .AND., .OR., .NOT. e.g., IF (N .EQ. 1 .OR. .NOT. R .LT. 0.0) GOTO 75 • Multiple Assignment Statements e.g., A = I = V = W = .2 * R + X  A truncated value will be assigned to A and I ICE 1341 – Programming Languages (Lecture #13) In-Young Ko

  13. Program Flow Control • GotoGOTO (10, 20, 30) KCOUNT • Logical IFIF (K .LT. 1) K = K + 1 • Arithmetic IFIF (A / T – S) 10, 20, 30 • Block IFIF (M .GT. 15) THEN M = M / 3 ELSE M = M * 3 ENDIF • Do loopsDO 10 I = 1, N, 2 SUM = SUM + I 10 CONTINUE ICE 1341 – Programming Languages (Lecture #13) In-Young Ko

  14. Data Input • Standard I/O Units: stdin (5), stdout (6) READ (5, 99) NUM, VAL, STR 99 FORMAT (I3, 2X, F5.2, 1X, A20) READ (5, 98) N1, N2, N3, STR1, STR2 98 FORMAT (3I5, //2A15) READ (5, *) L, SUM, NAME OPEN (UNIT=10, FILE=‘data.txt’, * STATUS=‘OLD’) READ (10, *) N, A, X, S ICE 1341 – Programming Languages (Lecture #13) In-Young Ko

  15. Data Output • Carriage Control Codes: 1H1 (new page), 1H0 (double space), 1Hb (single space)… WRITE (6, 97) A, B, C 97 FORMAT (1H1,//3F8.2) WRITE (6, 96) X, Y, SUM 96 FORMAT (1H0, 4HX = , F4.1, 3X, 4HY = , * F4.1, 4X, 6HSUM = , F5.1, 20(1H*)) PRINT *, ‘X = ’, X, ‘Y = ’, Y, ‘SUM = ’, SUM OPEN (UNIT=11, FILE=‘data.txt’, * STATUS=‘NEW’) WRITE (11, *) ‘Result = ’, SUM ICE 1341 – Programming Languages (Lecture #13) In-Young Ko

  16. Subprograms - Subroutines SUBROUTINE SUMMARY(X, N, TOT) DIMENSION X(20) TOT = 0.0 DO 10 I = 1, N TOT = TOT + X(I) 10 CONTINUE RETURN END J.W. Perry Cole, ANSI FORTRAN IV, wcb ICE 1341 – Programming Languages (Lecture #13) In-Young Ko

  17. Subprograms - Functions FUNCTION TOTAL(X, N) DIMENSION X(20) TOTAL = 0.0 DO 10 I = 1, N TOTAL = TOTAL + X(I) 10 CONTINUE RETURN END ICE 1341 – Programming Languages (Lecture #13) In-Young Ko

  18. Subprogram Calls PROGRAM SAMPLE2 DIMENSION A(10), B(20) READ (5, 99) A 99 FORMAT (10F4.2) CALL SUMMARY(A, 10, SUM) WRITE (6, 98) A, SUM 98 FORMAT (1, H0, 10F7.2/, 6HSUM = , F7.2) READ (5, 99) B WRITE (6, 98) B, TOTAL(SUM, 10) STOP END ICE 1341 – Programming Languages (Lecture #13) In-Young Ko

  19. GNU FORTRAN77 Compiler • Download G77 from: http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Olympus/5564/g77.htm • G77 Installation and Execution Instructions: http://www.engineering.usu.edu/cee/faculty/gurro/Software_Calculators/Fortran_g77/GettingStartedGnuFortran.pdf • FORTRAN77 Tutorial: http://www.stanford.edu/class/me200c/tutorial_77/ • FORTRAN77 Language Reference: http://www.ictp.trieste.it/~manuals/programming/sun/fortran/f77rm/ ICE 1341 – Programming Languages (Lecture #13) In-Young Ko

  20. Homework #4 – A Weather Data Retrieval Program (1) • Install G77 on your computer and practice how to compile and run FORTRAN programs • Download a weather data file that contains the latest week’s weather information from: ftp://ftp.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/globalsod/data.txt • Download the weather station list from: ftp://ftp.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/globalsod/stnlist-sorted.txt • Check the weather data file format from: ftp://ftp.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/globalsod/README.TXT ICE 1341 – Programming Languages (Lecture #13) In-Young Ko

  21. Homework #4 – A Weather Data Retrieval Program (2) • Write a FORTRAN program that accepts a city name (e.g., TAEJON, SEOUL, PARIS), and prints the lowest and highest temperatures (in Celsius), and sea-level pressure values for the latest week like: City: TAEJON Date MIN MAX SLP 20040328 9.5 15.2 1002.7 20040329 12.3 20.1 1005.1 … ICE 1341 – Programming Languages (Lecture #13) In-Young Ko

  22. Homework #4 – A Weather Data Retrieval Program (3) • To retrieve weather information for a city, use the weather station number that is firstly matched against the city name in the station list • Use INDEX function to match a city name from the station list IF (INDEX(NAME, ‘ICU’) .GT. 0) PRINT *, ‘Matched!’ • Submit the source program electronically by Midnight of Wednesday April 28, 2004 • Please do not collaborate with other students! ICE 1341 – Programming Languages (Lecture #13) In-Young Ko

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