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FC .84 THE ROOTS AND BIRTH OF THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION

FC .84 THE ROOTS AND BIRTH OF THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION. Rise of towns & money econ (FC.64). Hurt Church’s land-based rents  Church abuses & corruption (FC.72). Rise of kings Clash w/popes Babylonian Captivity Great Schism (FC.72). Printing press  Spreads ideas quickly (FC.74).

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FC .84 THE ROOTS AND BIRTH OF THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION

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  1. FC.84 THE ROOTS AND BIRTH OF THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION Rise of towns & money econ (FC.64) Hurt Church’s land-based rents Church abuses & corruption (FC.72) Rise of kingsClash w/popes Babylonian Captivity Great Schism (FC.72) Printing press Spreads ideas quickly (FC.74) More religious spirit of N. Ren. (FC.78) Spread of Wycliffe’s idea of Bible as sole source of religious truth (FC.72) Anger vs.Church esp. strong in Germany Martin Luther posts 95 Theses on Church Corruption (1517) Start of Protestant Reformation Ger. divided Can’t control Church abuses (FC.70) Ger. divided  Can’t stifle new religious ideas (FC.70) Luther defies Church & Empire at Diet of Worms (1521) Forms Lutheran Church Sees Bible as sole source of Relig. truth Other points of difference w/Catholic Church: All useful jobs, not just clergy, seen as equal in God’s eyes Faith alone can gain salvation Discredits Church practices based on faith & works The Church consists of all believers, not just clergy Protestant Reformation both hurts & helps women: Helps: • More literacy so they can read the Bible • Spiritually, if not socially equal to men Hurts: • No veneration of female saints • Convents closed as option for women Breaks religious unity of W. Eur. & opens way for more radical ideas on religion (FC.85.1) If all jobs are equal Justifies middle class Rise of capitalism(FC.85.2) If all believers are equal discredits Divine Rt. of Kings Democratic ideas (FC.85.2) Reforms to bolster Catholic Church (FC.86)

  2. FC. 85.1 THE FRAGMENTATION OF THE REFORMATION (1519-60) The Bible’symbolic language Printing Press spreads info quickly (FC.74) Luther successfully challenges the Church (FC.84) Different interpretations of its meaning Encourages more radical reformers People interpret Bible on their own Reformation quickly fragments into numerous Protestant faiths Huldreich Zwingli bases his religion on Bible, but goes further than Luther: Bans art & music from church service Denies transub-stantiation Makes Zurich a strict theocracy Aggressive missionary activity  War vs. Swiss Cath’s (1531)  Zwingli’s defeat & death Peace b/w Swiss Cath’s & Prot’s Zwinglianism influences Calvinism (FC.85.2) Henry VIII of England, needing legal heir, breaks gradually w/Cath. Church About 40 diff. sects known collectively as Anabaptists who believe in: Interpreting Bible more literally Baptism as adults rather than infants Direct inner revelations from God Takes power over Eng. clergy (1531) Cuts Church taxes to Rome (1532) Cuts power of Church courts (1533) Charges of heresy & rebellionPersecution Anabaptists flee to Spanish Netherland’s Religious unrest there Accepted in Eng. since it brought no big changes in religion & helped avoid another civil war over the succession Rev. of Sp. Neth’s Dutch indep (FC.87) Lets in more radic. Prot’s Eng. Rev. (FC.96)

  3. FC. 85.2 THE FRAGMENTATION OF THE REFORMATION: CALVINISM Fragmentation of the Reformation (FC.85.1) John Calvin’s religion which believed in predestination, the idea that god is so all powerful that he has predetermined whether we will be saved or not This raised several questions: IS THERE FREE WILL IF GOD IS OMNIPOTENT? Not if we have been predestined since before creation CAN WE KNOW WE ARE SAVED? No, but there are signs we might be: 1) Living an upright life 2) Profession of faith 3) Participation in the sacraments WHY DOES AN ALL POWERFUL GOD ALLOW EVIL? That is a mystery of god beyond our understanding Calvin makes Geneva, Switzerland a model community where all members must exhibit behavior needed to be saved: Must attend church 3-4X/week Banned gambling, dancing, swearing, heavy drinking etc. No fancy clothing, jewelry, hair, etc. Decentralized Calvinist Church Can’t crush by attacking just 1 leader or city Idea that Calvinist merchants are predestined to pursue profits for the good of the religious community God’s abs. power + equality of all believers discredits Div. Rt. of Kings  Justifies rev. on relig. grounds Calvinism spreads across W. Eur. Later some feel justified in pursuing profits for themselves Justifies polit. rev. since religion & politics are so intertwined Religious wars (1560-1648) People sick of anarchy (FC.87) Rise of capit. MC in Eng. (FC.96) English Rev. in 1600’s (FC.96) John Locke’s Two Treatises on Government defines king’s obligations to his subjects much as in a MC business contract Justifies revolution by the people on political grounds if the king breaks the contract French Revolution (1789) starts the age of political revolutions (FC.105)

  4. FC.85C. THE REFORMATION’S IMPACT ON POLITICAL & ECONOMIC IDEAS N. Ren. combines Ital. Ren’s secular ideas with its own greater Religiou Italian Renaissance largely defined by four new ideas Humanism: Belief that humans are not helpless pawns in the divine plan, but capable of their own great accomplishments Individualism: Belief that the individual alone, not just groups of people, can accomplish great things on their own Secularism: Belief this world & life are worth studying & living for now, not just as preparation for afterlife Skepticism: Belief we should challenge authorities views, not blindly accept them (FC.76) (FC.76) N. Ren. combines Ital. Ren’s secular ideas with its own greater Religious fervor(FC.78) Luther starts Protestant Reformation God sees all useful jobs as equal God sees all believers as equal (FC.84) (FC.84) Women seen as spiritually, if not socially, equal to men Calvinist idea that merchants are predestined to pursue profits for the good of relig. Commun. Equality of all believers discredits Div. Rt. of Kings  Justifies rev. on relig. grounds Suffrage movement in late 1800s and early 1900s gains women more equality (FC.114) (FC.85.2) (FC.85.2) (FC.85.2) (FC.85.2) Later generations feel justified pursuing profits for themselves Justifies polit. rev. since religion & politics are so intertwined Eng. Rev. in 1600’s Rise of capit. MC in Eng. Concern over both anarchy from religious turmoil & tyranny of absolute monarchy John Locke’s Two Treatises on Government advocating constitutional monarchy which defines king’s obligations to his subjects much as in a MC business contract (FC.96) (FC.96) Justifies rev. on polit. grounds if king breaks contract French Revolution (1789) starts the age of political revolutions (FC.105)

  5. FC.86 THE CATHOLIC REFORMATION If it reforms, it loses $ in short run, but keeps more in long run If no reforms, it saves $ in short run, but loses more in long run Protestant Reformation (FC.84) Fr. invasion of Italy in 1494 (FC.79) Inflation hurts Church econ. (FC.64) Ref. spreads rapidly as Cath. Church sees it as just another heresyPapal revenues drop by 60% (1526-36) Papal fact-finding commission blames Church’s problems largely on Church & popes Few attempts at Church reformProt’s expand at Church’s expense Censorship & inquisition in Italy stop Prot’s, but also stifle It. Ren. Church’s dilemma of reform: Church finally recognizes the need to reform itself before it fall completely apart Cath Ref. takes place at grassroots level & from above Ignatius Loyola founds Soc. of Jesus (Jesuits) to restore Cath. influence (1540) Pope Paul III calls council of Trent (1545-63) to define &/or reaffirm Church doctrine Revitalized Church through: Re-established & confirmed: Became confessors of Eur’s royalty & nobility Missionary work in S. Amer., Asia, & Protestant areas Moral & educ. reforms of clergy (e.g., celibacy) Rel. truth from Latin Vulgate Bible & Church traditions Focus on ed. of the young Milit. style organization Strict, but humane disc. Doctrine of faith & works Value of art & ritual Pope’s power over Church Revives Church spiritually & slows Protestant progress Tightly organized, centralized & self-assured Church Catholics launch offensive vs. the Protestants Europe beset by religious wars after 1560 (FC.87)

  6. When people are free to do as they please, They usually imitate each other. www.despair.com

  7. “Kill them all. God will know his own.” --Catholic general during the Albigensian Crusade

  8. FC.87 THE AGE OF RELIGIOUS WARS (1560-1598) Medieval mentality linking relig. w/social & political issues Catholic Ref. (FC.86) Protestant Ref. (FC.84) Protestant power grows in 1520s & 1530s as HRE emperor Charles V is hampered by other problems: Charles’ empire  Enemies & wars that divert attention from Ger. $ problems  Armies desert Divided Ger. Hard to rule When Charles is finally able to defeat Protestants, Ger. Cath. princes & France, fearing his growing power, undermine his victory Peace of Augsburg (1555) lets each Ger. prince choose Catholicism or Lutheranism Many Ger. princes still turn Calvinist Tensions rise Charles V splits emp. b/w Austrian & Sp. branches Fervent Cath. Philip II of Spain Calv’s & Anab’s flee & spread relig. to Neth’s & Fr. Growing relig. unrest in Spanish Netherlands Growing relig. unrest in Fr. b/w Cath’s & Calvinists Relig. tension b/w Sp. & Eng. Eng. raid Spanish shipping Eng. aids Dutch rebels Spanish repression Riots & protests Fr. govt. weakens Growing anarchy Philip II of Spain tries to dethrone Eliz. I of Eng. Bitter wars aggravated by weak govt., feudal separatism, noble feuds, & foreign intervention Despite disunity, rebels hang on thanks to good leadership, seizing sea ports, & unpop. Sp. atrocities Sp. Armada launched vs. Eng., Fr., & Neth’s Beaten by Eng. (1588) Dutch milit. reforms, econ. power, naval vict’s & raids on Sp. shipping Indep. in 1648 Calv. leader, Henry of Navarre ends wars & secures throne by turning Catholic Saves Protestant cause in W. Eur. & weakens Spain Basis for Louis XIV’s abs. monarchy in 1600s (FC.95) Dutch econ. & naval domin. in 1600s (FC.93) Sets stage for 30 Yrs War (FC.88)

  9. FC.87 THE AGE OF RELIGIOUS WARS (1560-1598) Medieval mentality linking relig. w/social & political issues Catholic Ref. (FC.86) Protestant Ref. (FC.84) Protestant power grows in 1520s & 1530s as HRE emperor Charles V is hampered by other problems: Divided Ger. Hard to rule Charles’ empire  Enemies & wars that divert attention from Ger. $ problems  Armies desert Charles is finally able to defeat Protestants Ger. Cath. princes & France, fearing his growing power, undermine his victory Peace of Augsburg (1555) lets each Ger. prince choose Catholicism or Lutheranism Many Ger. princes still turn Calvinist Tensions rise Charles V splits emp. b/w Austrian & Sp. branches Fervent Cath. Philip II of Spain Calv’s & Anab’s flee & spread relig. to Neth’s & Fr. Growing relig. unrest in Spanish Netherlands Growing relig. unrest in Fr. b/w Cath’s & Calvinists Relig. tension b/w Spain & England Growing hostilities: Spanish repression Riots & protests Fr. govt. weakens Growing anarchy Eng. raid Spanish shipping Philip II of Sp. tries to dethrone Eliz. I of Eng. Eng. aids Dutch rebels Bitter wars aggravated by weak govt., feudal separatism, noble feuds, & foreign intervention Despite disunity, rebels hang on due to seizing sea ports, good leadership, & unpop. Sp. atrocities Sp. Armada launched vs. Eng., Fr., & Neth’s Beaten by Eng. (1588) Dutch milit. reforms, econ. power, naval vict’s & raids on Sp. shipping  Indep. in 1648 Calv. leader, Henry of Navarre ends wars & secures throne by turning Catholic Saves Protestant cause in W. Eur. & weakens Spain Basis for Louis XIV’s abs. monarchy in 1600s (FC.95) Dutch econ. & naval domin. in 1600s (FC.93) Sets stage for 30 Yrs War (FC.88)

  10. FC.87 THE AGE OF RELIGIOUS WARS (1560-1598) Catholic Ref. (FC.86)

  11. FC.87 THE AGE OF RELIGIOUS WARS (1560-1598) Catholic Ref. (FC.86) Protestant Ref. (FC.84)

  12. FC.87 THE AGE OF RELIGIOUS WARS (1560-1598) Medieval mentality linking relig. w/social & political issues Catholic Ref. (FC.86) Protestant Ref. (FC.84)

  13. Charles V "I speak Italian to women, French to men, German to my horse and Spanish to God. ⌘⌥⌫♯Φδ ξφ∨¥

  14. FC.87 THE AGE OF RELIGIOUS WARS (1560-1598) Medieval mentality linking relig. w/social & political issues Catholic Ref. (FC.86) Protestant Ref. (FC.84) Protestant power grows in 1520s & 1530s as HRE emperor Charles V is hampered by other problems: Germany? Charles’ empire  Enemies & wars that divert attention from Ger. $ problems  Armies desert

  15. 1500- Ger Pr’s had blt. strong cent. states at emp’s expense FC.87 THE AGE OF RELIGIOUS WARS (1560-1598) Medieval mentality linking relig. w/social & political issues Catholic Ref. (FC.86) Protestant Ref. (FC.84) Protestant power grows in 1520s & 1530s as HRE emperor Charles V is hampered by other problems: Divided Ger. Hard to rule Charles’ empire  Enemies & wars that divert attention from Ger. $ problems  Armies desert

  16. 1500- Ger Pr’s had blt. strong cent. states at emp’s expense 1522- Charles V made younger bro., Ferd, ruler of Aus. & HRE FC.87 THE AGE OF RELIGIOUS WARS (1560-1598) Medieval mentality linking relig. w/social & political issues Catholic Ref. (FC.86) Protestant Ref. (FC.84) Protestant power grows in 1520s & 1530s as HRE emperor Charles V is hampered by other problems: Divided Ger. Hard to rule Charles’ empire  Enemies & wars that divert attention from Ger. $ problems  Armies desert

  17. 1500- Ger Pr’s had blt. strong cent. states at emp’s expense 1522- Charles V made younger bro., Ferd, ruler of Aus. & HRE  Later div. of emp FC.87 THE AGE OF RELIGIOUS WARS (1560-1598) Medieval mentality linking relig. w/social & political issues Catholic Ref. (FC.86) Protestant Ref. (FC.84) Protestant power grows in 1520s & 1530s as HRE emperor Charles V is hampered by other problems: Divided Ger. Hard to rule Charles’ empire  Enemies & wars that divert attention from Ger. $ problems  Armies desert

  18. 1500- Ger Pr’s had blt. strong cent. states at emp’s expense 1522- Charles V made younger bro., Ferd, ruler of Aus. & HRE  Later div. of emp 1523- Princes crush Rev. by Ger. Knights  Hurt emp’s allies while princes increase their power FC.87 THE AGE OF RELIGIOUS WARS (1560-1598) Medieval mentality linking relig. w/social & political issues Catholic Ref. (FC.86) Protestant Ref. (FC.84) Protestant power grows in 1520s & 1530s as HRE emperor Charles V is hampered by other problems: Divided Ger. Hard to rule Charles’ empire  Enemies & wars that divert attention from Ger. $ problems  Armies desert

  19. 1500- Ger Pr’s had blt. strong cent. states at emp’s expense 1522- Charles V made younger bro., Ferd, ruler of Aus. & HRE  Later div. of emp 1523- Princes crush Rev. by Ger. Knights  Hurt emp’s allies while princes increase their power 1524- Peasants’ Revolt  Pr’s further increased power FC.87 THE AGE OF RELIGIOUS WARS (1560-1598) Medieval mentality linking relig. w/social & political issues Catholic Ref. (FC.86) Protestant Ref. (FC.84) Protestant power grows in 1520s & 1530s as HRE emperor Charles V is hampered by other problems: Divided Ger. Hard to rule Charles’ empire  Enemies & wars that divert attention from Ger. $ problems  Armies desert

  20. 1500- GerPr’s had blt. strong • cent. states at emp’s expense • 1522- Charles V made younger • bro., Ferd, ruler of Aus. & HRE •  Later div. of emp • 1523- Princes crush Rev. by • Ger. Knights •  Hurt emp’s allies while • princes increase their power • 1524- Peasants’ Revolt • Princesincrease power more • Prot Ref  Princes’s esp. benefit by confisc. Church lands FC.87 THE AGE OF RELIGIOUS WARS (1560-1598) Medieval mentality linking relig. w/social & political issues Catholic Ref. (FC.86) Protestant Ref. (FC.84) Protestant power grows in 1520s & 1530s as HRE emperor Charles V is hampered by other problems: Divided Ger. Hard to rule Charles’ empire  Enemies & wars that divert attention from Ger. $ problems  Armies desert

  21. 1500- GerPr’s had blt. strong • cent. states at emp’s expense • 1522- Charles V made younger • bro., Ferd, ruler of Aus. & HRE •  Later div. of emp • 1523- Princes crush Rev. by • Ger. Knights •  Hurt emp’s allies while • princes increase their power • 1524- Peasants’ Revolt •  Princes increase power more • Prot Ref  Princes’s esp. benefit by confisc. Church lands •  Even CathPr’s took Church • prop. to keep up w/ProtPr’s FC.87 THE AGE OF RELIGIOUS WARS (1560-1598) Medieval mentality linking relig. w/social & political issues Catholic Ref. (FC.86) Protestant Ref. (FC.84) Protestant power grows in 1520s & 1530s as HRE emperor Charles V is hampered by other problems: Divided Ger. Hard to rule Charles’ empire  Enemies & wars that divert attention from Ger. $ problems  Armies desert

  22. 1500- GerPr’s had blt. strong • cent. states at emp’s expense • 1522- Charles V made younger • bro., Ferd, ruler of Aus. & HRE •  Later div. of emp • 1523- Princes crush Rev. by • Ger. Knights •  Hurt emp’s allies while • princes increase their power • 1524- Peasants’ Revolt •  Princes increase power more • Prot Ref  Princes’s esp. benefit by confisc. Church lands •  Even CathPr’s took Church • prop. to keep up w/ProtPr’s • -Ref split Ger. more •  Harder for emp’s to build • strong state FC.87 THE AGE OF RELIGIOUS WARS (1560-1598) Medieval mentality linking relig. w/social & political issues Catholic Ref. (FC.86) Protestant Ref. (FC.84) Protestant power grows in 1520s & 1530s as HRE emperor Charles V is hampered by other problems: Divided Ger. Hard to rule Charles’ empire  Enemies & wars that divert attention from Ger. $ problems  Armies desert

  23. 1500- GerPr’s had blt. strong • cent. states at emp’s expense • 1522- Charles V made younger • bro., Ferd, ruler of Aus. & HRE •  Later div. of emp • 1523- Princes crush Rev. by • Ger. Knights •  Hurt emp’s allies while • princes increase their power • 1524- Peasants’ Revolt •  Princes increase power more • Prot Ref  Princes’s esp. benefit by confisc. Church lands •  Even CathPr’s took Church • prop. to keep up w/ProtPr’s • -Ref split Ger. more •  Harder for emp’s to build • strong state • Ferdinand relied on Swabian • League’s army to crush revolts  Ref. divided Swabian League & ruined Ferd’s army FC.87 THE AGE OF RELIGIOUS WARS (1560-1598) Medieval mentality linking relig. w/social & political issues Catholic Ref. (FC.86) Protestant Ref. (FC.84) Protestant power grows in 1520s & 1530s as HRE emperor Charles V is hampered by other problems: Impact of Charles’ empire on his neighbors? Charles’ empire  Enemies & wars that divert attention from Ger. Divided Ger. Hard to rule $ problems  Armies desert

  24. 1500- GerPr’s had blt. strong • cent. states at emp’s expense • 1522- Charles V made younger • bro., Ferd, ruler of Aus. & HRE •  Later div. of emp • 1523- Princes crush Rev. by • Ger. Knights •  Hurt emp’s allies while • princes increase their power • 1524- Peasants’ Revolt •  Princes increase power more • Prot Ref  Princes’s esp. benefit by confisc. Church lands •  Even CathPr’s took Church • prop. to keep up w/ProtPr’s • -Ref split Ger. more •  Harder for emp’s to build • strong state • Ferdinand relied on Swabian • League’s army to crush revolts  Ref. divided Swabian League & ruined Ferd’s army FC.87 THE AGE OF RELIGIOUS WARS (1560-1598) Medieval mentality linking relig. w/social & political issues Catholic Ref. (FC.86) Protestant Ref. (FC.84) Protestant power grows in 1520s & 1530s as HRE emperor Charles V is hampered by other problems: Charles’ empire  Enemies & wars that divert attention from Ger. Divided Ger. Hard to rule $ problems  Armies desert

  25. The Threat from the East 3:30

  26. Suleiman I “the Magnificent” (1520-65) whose armies terrorized Europe while taking the Ottoman Empire to the height of its power.

  27. Young Christian boys being recruited as the sultan’s elite slave corps, the Janissaries, while an older such recruit assures his mother he is doing well. Many mothers welcomed the recruitment of their sons, since it promised a much more prosperous existence than they eked out.

  28. Janissaries would march on parade with giant cooking implements. They would turn them upside down when they were protesting an unpopular policy.

  29. The Ottomans had always been on the cutting edge of gunpowder technology.

  30. While the Ottomans used marching bands to accompany their armies into battle, they never adapted them or the drill and march to make their armies more efficient in battle.

  31. Suleiman’s first major blow against the Christians was the conquest of Rhodes in 1522. For five months its defenders, the Knights of St. John (AKA Hospitallers), desperately defended Rhodes against a huge Turkish army. When a collapsed tower finally sealed the city’s fate, the Turks let the Knights evacuate the city in peace instead of facing the bloodbath of a final assault.

  32. The Siege and fall of Belgrade in 1521 to the Turks opened Hungary and the Danube to invasion.

  33. In 1526 Suleiman met the Hungarian army at Mohacs.

  34. The Hungarians’ heavy cavalry plowed through the first two lines of the Ottoman army and were even threatening the Sultan, when they were surprised by an artillery barrage that sent them reeling back in retreat.

  35. After that, the Hungarian army fell apart, leaving its young king, Louis II, and most of its nobles on the field of Mohacs.

  36. Tending to the body of the brave, but impetuous Hungarian King Louis after Mohacs. Hungarians still visit the memorial to the fallen at Mohacs, which they view as a major national tragedy. They even have a saying, “more was lost at Mohács" (Több is veszettMohácsnál), to indicate things could be worse.

  37. After Mohacs, the surviving nobles elected Charles V’s brother, Ferdinand, as king of Bohemia and the remnants of Hungary. While this brought Bohemia and Hungary into the Hapsburg fold, it also triggered a Turkish invasion of Austria to support a rival Transylvanian claimant to the Hungarian throne. This war climaxed at the siege of Vienna in 1529.

  38. A panoramic view of the Turkish siege of Vienna. As impressive as it looked, a cold and rainy spring, made roads impassable, killing thousands of camels and other pack animals and leaving much of the Turkish army too ill to fight.

  39. The poor roads also forced Suleiman to leave behind his large siege guns. His remaining lighter artillery was unable to seriously damage Vienna’s walls, while Austrian guns, mounted on reinforced rooftops, were able to rake the Turkish camps and decimate attacking formations. Meanwhile, the Turks had to resort to the slower strategy of undermining the city walls, which in turn gave more time for camp diseases such as dysentery to ravage their ranks.

  40. One of many failed Turkish assaults against Vienna’s walls

  41. In late September, the Austrians launched a surprise attack with 100 cavalry, overran two gun positions, killed their crews, & returned to Vienna before the Turks could cut off their retreat.

  42. On October 5, 1529 Turkish troops poured through a breach in Vienna’s walls caused by undermining, only to be repulsed by German landsknechte and Spanish arquebusiers defending a new improvised palisade.

  43. The final Turkish assault against Vienna’s damaged Carinthian Gate on October 14 is repulsed by a wall of pikes, musket fire, grapeshot, and a network of palisades. Casualties piled up until the Janissaries refused to go on, retreated, and struck camp. The early onset of winter turned their retreat into a disastrous rout.

  44. In the aftermath of the retreat, the people of Vienna came out to plunder what they could from the Turkish camp. Some of them found some strange dark beans, that when boiled in water, produced a somewhat bitter tasting drink that kept one alert and stimulated. Coffee had entered the European diet.

  45. 1500- GerPr’s had blt. strong • cent. states at emp’s expense • 1522- Charles V made younger • bro., Ferd, ruler of Aus. & HRE •  Later div. of emp • 1523- Princes crush Rev. by • Ger. Knights •  Hurt emp’s allies while • princes increase their power • 1524- Peasants’ Revolt •  Princes increase power more • Prot Ref  Princes’s esp. benefit by confisc. Church lands •  Even CathPr’s took Church • prop. to keep up w/ProtPr’s • -Ref split Ger. more •  Harder for emp’s to build • strong state • Ferdinand relied on Swabian • League’s army to crush revolts  Ref. divided Swabian League & ruined Ferd’s army FC.87 THE AGE OF RELIGIOUS WARS (1560-1598) Medieval mentality linking relig. w/social & political issues Catholic Ref. (FC.86) Protestant Ref. (FC.84) Protestant power grows in 1520s & 1530s as HRE emperor Charles V is hampered by other problems: Charles’ empire  Enemies & wars that divert attention from Ger. $ problems  Armies desert Divided Ger. Hard to rule Charles’ other big problem?

  46. 1500- GerPr’s had blt. strong • cent. states at emp’s expense • 1522- Charles V made younger • bro., Ferd, ruler of Aus. & HRE •  Later div. of emp • 1523- Princes crush Rev. by • Ger. Knights •  Hurt emp’s allies while • princes increase their power • 1524- Peasants’ Revolt •  Princes increase power more • Prot Ref  Princes’s esp. benefit by confisc. Church lands •  Even CathPr’s took Church • prop. to keep up w/ProtPr’s • -Ref split Ger. more •  Harder for emp’s to build • strong state • Ferdinand relied on Swabian • League’s army to crush revolts  Ref. divided Swabian League & ruined Ferd’s army FC.87 THE AGE OF RELIGIOUS WARS (1560-1598) Medieval mentality linking relig. w/social & political issues Catholic Ref. (FC.86) Protestant Ref. (FC.84) Protestant power grows in 1520s & 1530s as HRE emperor Charles V is hampered by other problems: Charles’ empire  Enemies & wars that divert attention from Ger. $ problems  Armies desert Divided Ger. Hard to rule

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