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Understanding the Periodic Table: Groups, Periods, and Main-Group Elements

This comprehensive overview of the Periodic Table (PT) covers essential concepts such as groups, periods, and the classification of main-group elements. The main-group elements, categorized into groups 1, 2, and 13-18, share similar chemical properties determined by their valence electrons—the outermost electrons involved in bonding. Highlights include specific families like noble gases, halogens, alkali metals, and alkaline-earth metals, each characterized by distinct reactivity and ion formation based on attaining a full electron shell, adhering to the octet rule.

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Understanding the Periodic Table: Groups, Periods, and Main-Group Elements

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  1. Chemistry Ms. Piela The Periodic Table

  2. Periodic Table • Group – Vertical columns on PT • Period – Horizontal rows on PT

  3. Main-Group Elements • Groups 1, 2, and 13-18

  4. Main-Group Elements • The chemical properties of the main-group elements depends on their number of valence electrons • Valence electrons are the outermost electrons involved in chemical bonding

  5. Valence Electrons & Chemical Properties • Each group of the main-group elements has the same number of valence electrons • Each element wants to be as stable as possible • All main-group elements want a full shell of electrons, which is 8 valence electrons

  6. Valence Electrons & Chemical Properties • Each group forms ions based on the easiest way to obtain this full shell • Also known as the octet rule

  7. Family Groups • Noble Gases (Group 18) • Examples: Ne, Xe • Description: stable, unreactive group of gases • Number of Valence Electrons: 8 • Forms NO ions

  8. Family Groups • Halogens (Group 17) • Examples: F, Cl • Description: Highly reactive group of gases • Number of Valence Electrons: 7 • Forms 1- ions

  9. Family Groups • Alkali Metals (Group 1) • Examples: Na, K (not H) • Description: Highly reactive group of metals • Number of Valence Electrons: 1 • Forms 1+ ions

  10. Brainiac Movie

  11. Family Groups • Alkaline-Earth Metals (Group 2) • Examples: Be, Mg • Description: Slightly less reactive group than alkali metals • Number of Valence Electrons: 2 • Forms 2+ ions

  12. Family Groups • Transition Metals (Group 3 – 12) • Examples: Fe, Au, Ag • Description: Fairly stable group of metals • Forms multiple ions

  13. Family Groups • Lanthanides & Actinides • Location: Bottom 2 periods of PT • Description: Heavy metals, synthetics, radioactive

  14. States of Matter • Metals and Nonmetals (Staircase)

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