Changes of State

1. Changes of State By: McKenna Takami and Bridget Fitzgerald 5/14/13 Abrams

2. Table Of Contents Changes of state………………………………..3 Melting……………………………………………..4 Melting point…………………………………….5 Freezing…………………………………………….6 Vaporization……………………………………..7 Evaporation……………………………………….8 Boiling……………………………………………….9 Boiling Point…………………………………….10 Condensation………………………………….11 Sublimation……………………………………..12

3. Changes of state melting Boiling freezing change of state - the act of changing something into something different in essential characteristics vaporization

4. Melting Current event information • Melting is the change of state from a solid to a liquid. • •Melting occurs when the molecules of a solid speed up enough that the motion overcomes the attractions so that the molecules can move past each other as a liquid. • Ice cream time lapse video on on melting • http://youtu.be/VkPIOOYTXsY?t=8s The ice sheet on Greenland is melting beating a 30- year record ! Greenland's melting season usually begins in June, when the first puddles of melted water emerge, and lasts through early September, when temperatures begin to cool. This year, a full four weeks before the end of the melt season, the ice sheet had shed more water than the record reached during the full season in 2010.(livescience.com) Scientists are expecting the record to broken many times in the future because of climate changes and global warming.

5. Melting point • Melting point Is the temperature in which the object changes from state to state. For most substances, melting and freezing points are approximately equal. • For example, the melting point and freezing point of the element mercury is 234.32 kelvin (−38.83 °C or −37.89 °F). • Melting point differs with different types of liquids.

6. Freezing • Freezing the opposite of melting- freezing is when a object goes from a liquid to a solid by a freezing point. • Here Is another time lapse video this one is about freezing and it is showing ice forming. • http://youtu.be/CF4C95frK74 A current event about freezing is that…can people actually freeze to death? a recent study discussed whether our bodies would allow us to “freeze to death”. Paranoia aside, when temperatures dip, frostbite and other health risks are real concerns. And death strikes long before the body actually freezes. Yet our bodies are pretty hardy, as we have two built-in mechanisms to protect us from the cold.

7. Vaporization • Liquid to a gas • Takes place when the particles in a liquid gain enough energy to move independently forming a gas! • Gold forms during an earthquake • Water vaults vaporizes during an earthquake causing gold to form

8. Evaporation • Takes place only on the surface of a LIQUID • A real life example is when your hair is drying after you wash it Global warming is revving up the planet's cycle of evaporation and precipitation, making wet places even wetter and dry places dryer, a new study suggests. A team of researchers found the intensity of the water cycle increased roughly 4 percent over the last half of the 20th century by examining changes in the ocean's salt content.

9. Boiling A new nonmaterial vanquishes the bubbles that normally pop up with boiling, a finding that may point to ways to help prevent explosions in nuclear power plants, researchers say. To understand how this material works, imagine a hot skillet. When its surface is warm, water on it will bubble. However, once the skillet gets hot enough, the water drops will skitter across its surface as they levitate on a cushion of vapor • When a liquid changes into a gas below its surface • An example Is before you cook pasta you have to let the water boil.

10. Boiling Point • Temperature at which a liquid boils • Lower the pressure the less energy needed for the particles of a liquid to escape air. Example • If you set a pot with water on a stove and turn on the heat you will notice that after a little while the water starts to bubble . If you have a candy thermometer put it in the water , it should read 212 degrees the boiling point of water.

11. Condensation • The change of state from a gas to a liquid • During condensation, the particles in a gas lose enough thermal energy to form a liquid Australian green tree frogs manage to hop around the deserts of northern Australia during the dry season without dehydrating. Now, a new study solves the mystery of how: The frogs jump from cool night air to a warm burrow, 'fogging up' like a pair of glasses. The amphibians then absorb the water that condenses on their skin, a clever adaption that allows them to draw water out of the air in a time of almost no rain.

12. Sublimation • When the surface particles of a solid gain enough energy so they form a gas • Particles of a solid do not pass through the liquid state as they form a gas Kilimanjaro ice has been melting away for more than a century, and most of that melt occurred before 1953, prior to the period where science begins to be conclusive about atmospheric warming in that region, according to Philip Mote of the University of Washington and Georg Kaser of the University of Innsbruck in Austria. Also, as a tropical glacier, the processes governing ice melt on Kilimanjaro (located in Tanzania) are different than those on other mid-latitude glaciers located closer to the Earth’s poles. Instead, melt on Kilimanjaro is caused by sublimation, which turns ice directly into water vapor at below-freezing temperatures—essentially the glacier gets a giant case of moisture-sapping freezer burn.

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