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aggression

aggression. definition. focus on harm not pain can cause pain caus e pain in order to help intent is crucial So…. Intentional, with aim to cause harm or pain with no benefit to target. Physical aggression. Different from most behaviors most can express

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aggression

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  1. aggression

  2. definition focus on harm not pain • can cause pain cause pain in order to help • intent is crucial • So…. • Intentional, with aim to cause harm or pain with no benefit to target

  3. Physical aggression • Different from most behaviors • most can express • explain arousal, explain behavior • sex and aggression restricted

  4. sex • Cannot always express impulse • rules about expression • when, where, with whom • penalties for breaking rules • but • healthy, normal, acceptable

  5. Aggression • Also restricted • but not normally acceptable • not healthy • not generally allowed

  6. Two questions • What causes aggressive feelings? • what causes them to be expressed?

  7. Why the impulse? • Evolution • yes, helpful but • for women as well as men • for almost all animals

  8. innate • Seems to be part of human nature • boys more than girls? • Physical vs. verbal

  9. Problems of studying • Real-world studies • laboratory problems • cannot allow real aggression • cannot use strong stimuli • physical aggression rare • hard to generalize

  10. Frustration-aggression • Frustration - anger, aggressive feelings • less or none when justified • does not always produce actual aggression

  11. cues • Leonard Berkowitz • guns serve as cues - maybe • Situation elicits or discourages - yes

  12. Guns and murder • Yes, a correlation • not necessarily due to cue • mostly ease of killing

  13. Learning aggression • Yes, affected by rewards/punishments • also by imitation, social pressure, etc. • But….

  14. abusive parent produces aggressive child? • most not also abusive • many abusive parents were not abused • so connection is not clear • link is pretty weak and best

  15. Father-absent families • More juveniles in trouble with the law • yet fathers are the violent ones (usually) • so might expect more aggression • main factor is poverty and lack of attention

  16. Conclusion - what matters • Being physically abused minor factor • quality of family life • attachment, attention • parenting in general

  17. Corporal punishment??? - con • Why hit kids and no one else? • Not effective - has reverse effect • makes angry • kids model and become aggressive

  18. Corporal punishment?? - pro • Parents in unique position • no evidence of bad outcomes • is effective in preventing behavior • parents are people also

  19. also • Cultures differ in acceptance • how child perceives is crucial • may matter more when not accepted

  20. Sub-culture • Extremely important • criminal, gangs, macho, etc. • Vs. education, cooperation, moral • by society or parts of society

  21. But remember • Even in “bad” neighborhood • some are aggressive - some are not • even in “good”neighborhood • some are aggressive - some are not

  22. Catharsis • Acting reduces feelings? Yes • mainly when against cause of anger • and this reduces aggression - probably

  23. vicarious • Watching reduces feelings - rarely • maybe when cause is the one being harmed • then it may reduce aggression

  24. Pornographyandaggression

  25. More porn but less violence • More explicit pornography • Violent sexual crimes declined • if porn causes violence, • why has it declined?

  26. Experimental research • Very difficult - weird situation • demand • equating the programs • one or two programs???

  27. Real-world research • Magazines and rape - wrong! • Macho culture • most explicit not related

  28. Use by offenders • Marshall - yes they use more • all others - no, either same or less • and may use to reduce urge • and prevent crime

  29. Erotica almost always reduces aggression • no evidence of actual aggression • desensitization?? To porn yes...

  30. Ethics? • Informed consent • what is the rationale • maybe just permission • debriefing removes it

  31. TV violence and aggression • Aggressive kids watch more TV violence • small correlation - .1 to .3 • only 1% to 10% of variation • so a relatively minor factor

  32. Method - not so easy • Measuring tv viewing • measuring aggressiveness

  33. They are correlated Must ask why?

  34. experiments • Hard to measure aggression in lab • why is this program being shown? • Gives permission to be aggressive? • Endorses the program?

  35. Field studies • Measure TV violence and aggression at time one • measure again later • look for effect

  36. If TV causes aggression

  37. If no causal effect

  38. Video games yes – correlation Is it causal? Hard to study Experiments unrealistic

  39. Explain the correlation • Personality - some are aggressive • they act aggressively and like violent media • same as with boys and girls

  40. Social explanation • Single parents, poor family • lack attention and other activities • they are less happy - more aggressive • they have less to do - watch more tv etc. • they are monitored less - more violent tv

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