Ocean Circulation and Structure

1. Ocean Circulation and Structure

2. Major ocean circulation Gyres: clockwise in Northern Hemisphere and counter clockwise in southern hemisphere Fig. 10-14, p. 271

3. Gyres

4. Know the currents in the red boxes from slide 2. Table 10-1, p. 271

5. Florida Current

6. EOS (American Geophysical Union) Volume 92 number 3 18 JANUARY 2011 pages 21–28

7. EOS (American Geophysical Union) Volume 92 number 3 18 JANUARY 2011 pages 21–28

12. Upwelling of cold nutrient rich water Fig. 10-16, p. 273

14. Upwelling of cold nutrient rich water is a result of the Ekman Spiral. The prevailing winds, frictional drag, and the coriolis force all work together to given an average surface transport of ocean waters in a direction 90 degrees to the right in NH (left for SH) from surface winds Fig. 10-17, p. 273

15. Upwelling bring cool nutrient rich waters to the surface. Fig. 10-18, p. 274

16. Gulf stream is a western boundary current western Fig. 10-15, p. 272

17. The Gulf stream is considered to be a western boundary current. It is relatively narrow and fast. (it is found on the western boundary of the Atlantic ocean) The California current is considered to be a eastern boundary current. It is relatively wide and slow moving. (it is found on the eastern boundary of the Pacific ocean)

18. Major ocean circulation Gyres: clockwise in Northern Hemisphere and counter clockwise in southern hemisphere Fig. 10-14, p. 271

19. Why western boundary currents are fast and tight.

20. Vertical Structure Know what the surface zone and thermocline are.

21. CTD instrument Conductivity, Temperature, Depth Each time one goes down 10 meters in the ocean the pressure increases by 1 Atmosphere (1 Bar). 1.0 decibars=1.0 meter

22. Circle the best choices. Temperature normally (increases/ decreases) with depth. Salinity normally (increases/ decreases) with depth. Density normally (increases/ decreases) with depth.

23. Circle the best choices. Temperature normally (increases/ decreases) with depth. Salinity normally (increases/ decreases) with depth. Density normally (increases/ decreases) with depth.

24. Be familiar with these terms and there order from the surface down

26. Many of the world's largest ocean trenches are located along the "Ring of Fire," an arc of volcanoes around the Pacific Ocean that denotes convergent plates margins (Fig. 3).

27. Thermal Haline Circulation Ocean downwelling driven by cold salty water of North Atlantic

28. Ocean temperature and salinity combine to determine the density of sea water. Cold salty water is very dense and sinks. Salinity is controlled by the difference between evaporation and precipitation as well as fresh water discharge from rivers and glacial melt.

29. Ocean salinity is typically around 35 parts per thousand 35 %0 and made up primarily of sodium chloride (table salt). Salt composition is 85 % sodium chloride.

30. Temperature isotherms (degree C) in western Atlantic. What is the approximate temperature at the equator and a depth of 1000 m (1 km)?

31. Temperature isotherms (degree C) in western Atlantic. What is the approximate temperature at the equator and a depth of 1000 m (1 km)? About 4.7 oC

32. Temperature isotherms (degree C) in Central Pacific . What is the approximate surface temperature at the equator?

33. Temperature isotherms (degree C) in Central Pacific . What is the approximate surface temperature at the equator? 25 o C

35. The mediterranean outflow contributes significantly to the salinity of the Atlantic. The mediterranean has become saltier in recent times as more of the fresh water feeding it is used up before reaching the mediterranean.

36. Western Atlantic is generally much saltier than central Pacific. What is the approximate maximum salinity o/oo shown in the above data display? Assume that all isopleths of constant salinity are 0.2 o/oo apart.

37. Western Atlantic is generally much saltier than central Pacific. What is the approximate maximum salinity o/oo shown in the above data display? Assume that all isopleths of constant salinity are 0.2 o/oo apart. About 35.0 part per thousand.

39. What is the polarity of each connection? Evaporation ------------------------------- +/- surface salinity Precipitation ----------------------------- +/- surface salinity Surface salinity ------------------------ +/- evaporation Evaporation ----------------------------- +/- precipitation

40. What is the polarity of each connection? Evaporation ------------------------------- +/- surface salinity Precipitation ----------------------------- +/- surface salinity Surface salinity ------------------------ +/- evaporation Evaporation ----------------------------- +/- precipitation

41. Positive feedback for ocean salinity What are the polarities of the connection in the above causal loop diagram? Does this describe a positive or negative feedback loop?

42. Positive feedback for ocean salinity Be able to explain in words this positive feedback process Or Be able to take a verbal description and draw the causal loop Diagram above.

44. NADW North Atlantic Deep water AABW Antarctic Bottom Water

45. Ocean temperature and salinity combine to determine the density of sea water. Cold salty water is very dense and sinks. Salinity is controlled by the difference between evaporation and precipitation as well as fresh water discharge from rivers and glacial melt.

46. Near Bottom D14C %o Larger differences between surface water and deep water suggest “older” water. These water age estimates suggest that the north Atlantic is the primary driver of the global oceanic conveyor belt.

47. If one started with 1000 counts per minute (cpm) from a radioactive sample, how many cpm would one expect after 4 lifetimes?

48. If one started with 1000 counts per minute (cpm) from a radioactive sample, how many cpm would one expect after 4 lifetimes? 1000/24=1000/16=62.5 cpm

49. Change in the position of continents over the past 200 million years (or more) has influenced global oceanic circulation and global climate.