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UNIT 5 Chapter 22 – Crash and Depression Chapter 23 – The New Deal

UNIT 5 Chapter 22 – Crash and Depression Chapter 23 – The New Deal . THE GREAT DEPRESSION. Presidents of the United States. #21 - … Chester A. Arthur; Republican (1881) Grover Cleveland; Democrat (1884) Benjamin Harrison; Republican (1888) Grover Cleveland; Democrat (1892)

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UNIT 5 Chapter 22 – Crash and Depression Chapter 23 – The New Deal

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  1. UNIT 5Chapter 22 – Crash and DepressionChapter 23 – The New Deal THE GREAT DEPRESSION

  2. Presidents of the United States • #21 - … • Chester A. Arthur; Republican (1881) • Grover Cleveland; Democrat (1884) • Benjamin Harrison; Republican (1888) • Grover Cleveland; Democrat (1892) • William McKinley; Republican (1896) • Theodore Roosevelt; Republican (1901) • William Howard Taft; Republican (1908) • Woodrow Wilson; Democrat (1912) • Warren G. Harding; Republican (1920) • Calvin Coolidge; Republican (1923) • Herbert Hoover; Republican (1928) • Franklin D. Roosevelt; Democrat (1932) • George Washington; Federalist (1788) • John Adams; Federalist (1796) • Thomas Jefferson (1800) • James Madison (1808) • James Monroe (1816) • John Quincy Adams (1824) • Andrew Jackson; Democrat (1828) • Martin Van Buren; Democrat (1836) • William Henry Harrison; Whig (1840) • John Tyler; Whig (1841) • James K. Polk; Democrat (1844) • Zachary Taylor; Whig (1848) • Millard Fillmore; Whig (1850) • Franklin Pierce; Democrat (1852) • James Buchanan; Democrat (1856) • Abraham Lincoln; Republican (1860) • Andrew Johnson; Democrat (1865) • Ulysses S. Grant; Republican (1868) • Rutherford B. Hayes; Republican (1876) • James Garfield; Republican (1880)

  3. America: Pathways to the Present Chapter 23 The New Deal (1933–1941)

  4. OBJECTIVES • CORE OBJECTIVE: Analyze the causes/effects of the Great Depression as well as the costs/benefits of the New Deal • Objective 5.5: Describe the programs and areas of reform for the New Deal. • Objective 5.6: What were the main criticisms, setbacks, and limitations of New Deal policies? • Objective 5.7:Describe effects the New Deal had on American culture and lasting effects on American society. • THEME: President Roosevelt’s New Deal proved to be only partially successful at ending the Great Depression. Though critics were quick to point out the New Deal’s many failures, it was hard to argue against its resounding success in bringing hope to the nation and creating a lasting influence on social and political attitudes.

  5. America: Pathways to the Present Chapter 23: The New Deal (1933–1941) Section 1: Forging a New Deal Section 2: The New Deal’s Critics Section 3: Last Days of the New Deal

  6. Chapter 23 SECTION 1 – FORGING THE NEW DEAL President Roosevelt sought to end the Great Depression through the federal programs of the New Deal.

  7. Restoring Hope and the First Hundred Days • Franklin Delano Roosevelt (FDR) and Eleanor Roosevelt, the First Lady, knew that restoring a sense of hope and building public confidence were essential to calming panic and creating support for the President’s plans. • FDR promised “a new deal for the American people,” but he did not have a sure plan for it. • In the first hundred days of his presidency, Roosevelt pushed many programs through Congress to provide relief, create jobs, and stimulate the economy. • Some of FDR’s programs were based on the work of federal agencies that had controlled the economy during World War I and on agencies created by state governments to ease the Depression. • Former Progressives figured prominently, inspiring New Deal legislation or administering programs. • PUSHED THROUGH 15 MAJOR PIECES OF LEGISTLATION WRITE THIS DOWN!

  8. RELIEF, RECOVERY, REFORM • The term New Deal came to refer to theRELIEF, RECOVERY, AND REFORM programs of FDR’s administration that were aimed at combating the Great Depression. • RELIEF • “stop the bleeding”, immediate action to halt economic deterioration • Provide emergency help to suffering Americans • Jobs, housing, food • RECOVERY • Jumpstart American business and productivity • Enacting temporary programs to begin the flow of consumer goods • REFORM • Install permanent changes to avoid another depression WRITE THIS DOWN!

  9. RELIEF • Stabilizing Financial Institutions • FDR wanted to restore public confidence in the nation’s banks. • He imposed an emergency “bank holiday” to close all banks • Congress passed the Emergency Banking Act, which authorized the government to inspect the financial health of all banks. • Providing Relief and Creating Jobs • FDR persuaded Congress to establish the Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA). FERA put money into public works programs, government-funded projects to build public facilities and create jobs. • One public works program was the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC).The CCC put more then 2.5 million men to work maintaining forests, beaches, and parks.

  10. Bank Failures Before and After the Glass-Steagall Banking Reform Act of 1933

  11. RECOVERY • Regulating the Economy • In 1933, Congress passed the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA). NIRA established the National Recovery Administration (NRA) • Tried to balance the unstable economy through extensive planning. • The NRA established codes for fair business practices. • These codes regulated wages, working conditions, production, and prices, and set a minimum wage. • Assisting Home-owners and Farmers • The Federal Housing Administration (FHA) worked to improve housing standards and conditions, and insure mortgages. • The Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA) raised farm prices through subsidies. • They paid farmers not to raise certain crops and livestock, hoping that lower production would cause prices to rise. • The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) provided jobs, hydroelectric power, flood control, and recreational opportunities to farmers in the underdeveloped Tennessee Valley. WRITE THIS DOWN!

  12. REFORM WRITE THIS DOWN! • FDIC • Congress passed the Glass-Steagall Banking Act of 1933. This act established a Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation which is a permanent agency designed to insure depositors money in savings banks. • Originally insured up to $5,000 per depositor today it has increased to $100,000 • Securities & Exchange Commission (SEC) • Permanent Agency set up to monitor stock market activity and ensure that no fraud or insider trading was taking place

  13. Key Players in the New Deal • He surrounded himself with a “brain trust” • This was an informal group of intellectuals to advise the president • Harry Hopkins, Raymond Moley (Columbia), Rex Tugwell, Adolf Berle (Harvard) • FDR was the first President to appoint a woman to a Cabinet post. • Frances Perkins, a former Progressive, became the Secretary of Labor. She held the position until 1945. • FDR also broke new ground by hiring African Americans in more than a hundred policymaking posts. • Eleanor Roosevelt was one of FDR’s most important colleagues. • She threw herself into supporting the New Deal. WRITE THIS DOWN!

  14. The Second New Deal • When the New Deal failed to bring about significant economic improvement, critics began to attack the programs. • Opponents warned that New Deal agencies were giving increasing power to the federal government. • The Supreme Court declared the NIRA unconstitutional because it gave the President lawmaking powers and regulated local rather than interstate commerce. • The Supreme Court also struck down the tax that funded AAA subsidies to farmers. • In response to the critics, FDR’s administration launched an even bolder set of legislation. • The Second New Deal included more social welfare benefits, stricter controls over business, stronger support for unions, and higher taxes on the rich.

  15. 2nd new deal programs • The New Deal also brought electricity to rural America. • The Rural Electrification Administration (REA) offered loans to electric companies and farm cooperatives for building power plants and extending power lines. • Before the 1930’s, only 10% of rural communities had electricity • Congress also passed the Social Security Act. • This act established the Social Security system to provide financial security for people who could not support themselves. The three types of insurance were: • Old-age pensions and survivors’ benefits • Unemployment insurance • Aid for dependent children, the blind, and the disabled WRITE THIS DOWN!

  16. The 1936 Election • FDR won a landslide victory over Republican candidate Alfred M. Landon. • FDR carried every state except Maine and Vermont, winning 523-8 in the electoral college. • FDR’s victory showed that most Americans supported the New Deal.

  17. Forging a New Deal—Assessment Frances Perkins was the first woman Cabinet member. What post did she hold? (A) Secretary of Defense (B) Secretary of the Interior (C) Energy Secretary (D) Secretary of Labor How did the National Recovery Administration try to balance the unstable economy? (A) By raising interest rates (B) By limiting the money supply (C) By establishing codes for fair business practices (D) By creating a Social Security system

  18. Forging a New Deal—Assessment Frances Perkins was the first woman Cabinet member. What post did she hold? (A) Secretary of Defense (B) Secretary of the Interior (C) Energy Secretary (D) Secretary of Labor How did the National Recovery Administration try to balance the unstable economy? (A) By raising interest rates (B) By limiting the money supply (C) By establishing codes for fair business practices (D) By creating a Social Security system

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