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Engineered Cells and Tissues

Analytics, Big Data and the Cloud E2. Personalized Medicine – Diagnostics & Therapy. Engineered Cells and Tissues. Locksley McGann, PhD Professor Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology University of Alberta 24 April, 2012.

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Engineered Cells and Tissues

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  1. Analytics, Big Data and the Cloud E2. Personalized Medicine – Diagnostics & Therapy Engineered Cells and Tissues Locksley McGann, PhD Professor Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology University of Alberta 24 April, 2012 Image: http://www.jamesphillips.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/Engineered-Neural-Tissue-300x261.jpg

  2. This talk is a little bit about … Cellular therapies Tissue transplantation Current and emerging applications Role of analytics in future developments Image: http://njcprinting.files.wordpress.com/2012/01/publicspeaking.jpg

  3. Cell Therapies and Stem Cells • Cell therapies do not necessarily use stem cells • Example: • Blood transfusion • Donor blood is typed for ABO and Rh, processed, banked, and transfused into patients with the same blood type • The most successful and widely-used cellular therapy Graphic: http://blood.ca

  4. Cell Therapies and Stem Cells • Cell therapies do not necessarily use stem cells • Examples: • Blood transfusions • Islets of Langerhans Islets are isolated from the pancreas of a donorand transplanted into a patient to treat diabetes (Edmonton is an international leader in this area) Image: http://www.keyvive.com/wp-content/userimages/1280326032Islet_Cell_Transplantation.jpg

  5. Stem Cells There are 3 general categories of stem cells: • Embryonic • Derived from human embryos • Controversial • Ethical challenges • Active research area, not in common use Image: http://www.westhavennow.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/What-are-Embryonic-Stem-Cells.jpg

  6. Stem Cells There are 3 general categories of stem cells: • Embryonic • Non-embryonic (“adult”) • Cells from a living person • e.g. hematopoietic stem cells in bone marrow transplants • Cells from umbilical cord blood • Active research area • In common clinical use Image: http://www.kumc.edu/images/stemcell/maturemarrow.jpg

  7. Stem Cells There are 3 general categories of stem cells: • Embryonic • Non-embryonic (“adult”) • Induced pluripotent stem cells (IPS cells) • Differentiated cells modified to express characteristics of stem cells • Active research area • Emerging applications Image: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Induction_of_iPS_cells.svg/350px-Induction_of_iPS_cells.svg.png

  8. Adult stem cell examples - 1 Hematopoietic stem cells (bone marrow) Image: http://www.fareastgizmos.com/entry_images/0210/08/Hematopoietic_Stem_Cells-thumb-450x244.jpg

  9. Adult stem cell examples - 1 Hematopoietic stem cells (bone marrow) Bone marrow transplantation is used to treat certain cancers of the blood or bone marrow, such as multiple myeloma or leukemia. Image: http://www.fareastgizmos.com/entry_images/0210/08/Hematopoietic_Stem_Cells-thumb-450x244.jpg

  10. Adult stem cell examples - 1 Hematopoietic stem cells (bone marrow) • Treatment summary: • Patient is typed for specific characteristics related to immunological rejection • An international search is conducted to find a living donor with a good match • Using shared national registries of typed volunteer donors • Cells are collected from the donor and shipped • The patient undergoes a specific treatment regimen, then receives the transplant Image: http://www.fareastgizmos.com/entry_images/0210/08/Hematopoietic_Stem_Cells-thumb-450x244.jpg

  11. Adult stem cell examples - 1 Bone marrow (allogeneic hematopoietic stem cells) • Registries • Most countries have national registries to manage donors. • The Canadian Blood Services’ OneMatch registry manages most Canadian donors and patients. • Hema Quebec manages donors and patients in Quebec.

  12. Adult stem cell examples - 2 Autologous hematopoietic stem cells Image: http://www.kancer.co.uk/images/autoglass.gif

  13. Adult stem cell examples - 3 Umbilical cord blood After a baby is born and the umbilical cord is cut, there remains in the cord and the placenta, some of the baby’s blood. This blood, which is normally discarded with the placenta, contains a significant number of hematopoietic stem cells. These hematopoietic stem cells can be cryopreserved for storage, and later used for transplantation. Image: http://jama.ama-assn.org/content/292/20/2453/embed/graphic-1.jpg

  14. Umbilical cord blood – Public and Private Banking • Public banking • Mothers donate the umbilical cord blood after birth • The cord blood is recovered, typed and cryopreserved • Cell characteristics are listed on international registries • Private banking • The mother pays to recover and cryopreserve the cord blood for future use • Cell characteristics are not typed or listed on registries • There are about 12 private banks in Canada

  15. Adult stem cell examples - 3 Umbilical cord blood • In March, 2011, the provincial and territorial ministries of health (except Quebec) provided funding for the Canadian Blood Services to create a national umbilical cord blood bank • There will be several collection sites across the country • There will be 2 processing/storage/distribution sites • one in Ottawa (2013) • the other in Edmonton (2014)

  16. Tissues • General process: • Cadaveric donors • Tissues recovered in an operating room • Processedand stored (mostly frozen) • Distributed to hospitals • Donor tissues commonly transplanted include: • Bone for repair • Corneas to restore vision • Skin for severe burns • Heart valves, blood vessels • Some engineered tissues approaching routine use Image: http://www.cbcp.info/images/pic-pillar-tissuebank.png

  17. Tissues A proposal is before the provincial and territorial governments to create a national system for tissue banking (except Quebec) This would improve access to tissues for Canadians requiring transplants This would also reduce the cost of importing tissues from the USA Image: http://www.cbcp.info/images/pic-pillar-tissuebank.png

  18. Looking ahead • Therapies utilizing living cells and tissues are increasingly begin used in treating patients • Analytics will play an increasingly important role to: • define specific requirements for each patient • design and develop the appropriate biological modalities • monitor the patient to track the performance of the grafted cells/tissues, and to improve procedures • These developments require development of partnerships between the disciplines Image: http://futureday.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/The_Eye_of_future.jpg

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