April 18, 2013 STANDARD: SAP3a Interpret interactions among hormones, senses, and nerves which make possible the coordination of functions of the body. EQ: What are the affects of hormone action on the human body? WARM-UP: (Use your own paper, because I have your comp. books) Using pages 314, 319 & 320, briefly describe the following diseases, Goiter, Gigantism and Graves Disease.
THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
ENDOCRINE GLAND STIMULI Hormonal Stimuli-most common; endocrine organs put into action by hormones (ex.hypothalamus anterior pituitary other endocrine glands) 2. Humoral Stimuli-changes in blood levels of certain nutrients and ions stimulate hormone release 3. Neural Stimuli-nerve fibers stimulate hormone release (ex. Adrenal medulla-norepinephrine/epinephrine)
Pituitary *Small as a pea and contains two lobes: 1. Anterior-glandular tissue 2. Posterior-nervous tissue
Pituitary Anterior Hormones: 1. Growth Hormone (GH)-growth of skeletal muscles & long bones 2. Prolactin (PRL)-stimulates milk production in breasts 3. Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)-stimulates egg & sperm production 4. Lutenizing Hormone (LH)-stimulates ovaries (ovulation) & testes 5. Thyroid Stimulating Hormone(TSH)-growth of thyroid gland 6. Adrenocorticotropic Hormone(ACTH)- Stimulates secretion of glucocorticoids Posterior Hormones: 1. Oxytocin-causes contraction of the uterus during labor & “let down” reflex for breastfeeding 2. Antidiuretic (ADH)-helps kidneys retain water, prevents urination
Thyroid *large gland, made of two lobes, located at base of throat; inferior to the Adam’s apple *Secretes 2 hormones: Thyroid-controls how fast glucose is burned and converted to body heat (metabolic hormone) Calcitonin-decreases blood calcium; deposits calcium in bones *hypocalcemic
Goiter
Parathyroid *found on the posterior of the thyroid gland; 2 on each lobe *secretes parathyroid hormone (PTH) *Is hypercalcemic-when blood calcium levels drop, osteoclasts break down bone to release calcium into the blood
Adrenal *sits on top of each kidney *Two main parts: Cortex (glandular tissue) Medulla (nervous tissue) Cortex Hormones: Corticosteroids Mineralocorticoids-regulates mineral content in blood Glucocorticoids-cortisone; helps body resist normal stress (long term) Sex hormones-androgens, & estrogens
Adrenal (cont.) Medulla Hormones: Epinephrine-(short term stress) Norepinephrine-can be secreted as a neurotransmitter *When secreted into blood stream, heart rate, blood pressure, and glucose levels increase. Passages of lungs increase to bring in more oxygen and breathing increases.
Pancreas *close to the stomach *contains pancreatic islets (Islets of Langerhans) that produce insulin (beta cells) & glucagon-hyperglycemic (alpha cells) *insulin is the antagonist of glucagon, its is hypoglycemic *normal blood sugar: 80-120mg/100ml *high blood sugar: 600mg/100ml (glucose will start to spill into urine)
Diabetes: Type 2: Type 1: *Adult onset *Produces insulin, but receptors can’t respond to it *Treated through special diets and/or hypoglycemic medications *Juvenile diabetes *more severe *Treated through insulin pumps or injections
Pineal Gland *small cone-shaped gland that hangs from roof of 3rd ventricle in the brain *Hormone: melatonin makes us drowsy; highest at night, lowest at noon; “sleep trigger”-drowsy *Also associated with mating behavior in animals & believed to keep the reproductive system in check
Thymus *located in upper thorax, posterior to sternum *Large in infants and gets smaller as you get older *Hormone: thymosin Fosters normal development of white blood cells (T-Cells aka Killer T-Cells)
GONADS: Ovaries *Produces estrogen & progesterone Responsible for development of the females secondary sex-characteristics; ex. Breast development and menstrual cycle regulation
Testes *Produces androgens, such as testosterone * Responsible for male secondary sex characteristics; ex. Facial hair, heavy bones and muscles, deeper voice, and sperm production
4 CORNERS
A. Growth Hormone B. Prolactin C. FSH D. LH 1
A. Oxytocin B. Growth Hormone C. ADH D. Melatonin 2
A. Oxytocin B. Growth Hormone C. ADH D. Melatonin 3
A. Calcitonin B. Insulin C. Parathyroid D. Glucagon 4
A. Calcitonin B. glucagon C. insulin D. parathyroid 5
A. Thymosin B. LSH C. Oxytocin D. GH 6
A. Beta cells B. Glucagon C. Alpha cells D. Pancreatic islets 7
A. Hormonal stimulus B. Neural stimulus C. Humoral stimulus D. Feedback stimulus 8
A. Neural Stimulus B. Negative Feedback C. Humoral Stimulus D. Positive Feedback 9
A. Adrenal Cortex B. Thyroid C. Adrenal Medulla D. Parathyroid 10
A. LH B. Thyroid C. FSH D. Parathyroid 11
