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Student Life in School and at Home. Chapter 4. Rules, Rituals, and Routines. Focuses on the difference between a teacher's perspective and a student's perspective. Teacher's Perspective
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Student Life in School and at Home Chapter 4
Rules, Rituals, and Routines • Focuses on the difference between a teacher's perspective and a student's perspective. • Teacher's Perspective • The teacher has difficulty settling down the class to get books our and when he notices one of the students talking he automatically yells at her.
Rules, Rituals, and Routines • Student's Perspective • She was annoyed at all of the other students being obnoxious so she starts to tune them out by reading a poem that they were supposed to read. After she was done reading she turned to share her observations on the poem to her one neighbor and got yelled at right away. She was upset because half of the class is talking and he focused on her when she was attempting to do the assignment.
Rules, Rituals, and Routines • Quick Question: • Do you think that the teacher reacted too quickly without knowing the circumstances or was he right to reprimand her so quickly?
Delay and Social Distraction • Philip W. Jackson • He came up with the idea that since teachers are generally very busy students are more likely to get stuck in patterns of delay that ultimately force them to do nothing. • He discusses how most teachers spend their time giving out things such as: • New text books • Paper • Pencils • Et Cetera
Philip W. Jackson Continued: • As the teacher tries to hand out all these different things most student just sit around and wait • The whole school day is spent waiting for different things: • Waiting in line for the water fountain/bathroom • Waiting for the teacher to call on you • Waiting for the teacher to pass out supplies • Waiting on the slower students to catch up • Et Cetera
Philip W. Jackson Continued: • Another thing that students have to deal with is not being allowed to socialize with their peers while dealing with the constant interruptions occurring throughout the day. • Quick Question: • Think back to the previous section and all the waiting the Maxine(the student) had to do. She was constantly waiting and brief communication with her neighbor lead to being reprimanded. Should we change the school systems to have the students waiting and being interrupted less? Is it even possible?
Watching the Clock • John Goodlad • He dd a study to see how the time given during the school day was split • 74% was used in instruction • 20% iin routiines • 5% in behavior management • 2% in social activites • When looking at the hours per week given to subject-matter learning there was a wide variation in the different grade levels.
John Goodlad Continued: • The low of 18.5 hours in one school rose to 27.5 hours in another school. • After learning this he was surprised to see how little of this time was spent towards reading and writing. • In elementary schools 6% of this time was allotted to reading • A lot of the time he found was spent lecturing • Elementary schools usually focus 18% of the time on lectures and that increases by the time students reach high school to 25%.
John Goodlad Continued: • When more time is set for subject-matter learning, research shows that student achievement increases. • Quick Question: • Since there is a lot of timee that is lost due to multiple delays the students have less time to learn key elements crucial to their education. Should we change the system so it focuses more on reading and writing or should we continue education as we are?
The Teacher as Gatekeeper • Philip W. Jackson says that a teacher is busiest while Gatekeeping. • Gatekeeping is when a teacher determines who will talk, when and for how long as well as the basic direction of the communication. • Although schooling is supposed to perk the interest of the students and have them want to learn the school systems are generally making the students less interested and hating the schooling process. • They are expected to remain quiet, to think quickly, rely on memory an be dependent on the teacher • This makes students have a less positive attitude and also causes achievements to be lower.
The Other Side of the Tracks • Students are controlled once they enter the education system as to what career path they will be taking. • Tacking is the process of assigning students with different abilities on different paths towards different careers. • Students with batter grades will be sent down a higher path than someone who has average grades. • They can also be sent on a path because of their race, culture, and even gender. • If you're poor you're more likely to be sent on a path that will lead you to manual labor and low paying jobs.
The Other Side of the Tracks • Jeannie Oaks found that race rather than ability was a key factor to which track the students were put on. • Students put on lower tracks had fewer learning opportunities and also had fewer demands placed on them. • She supports the effort to detrack the school systems. • Detrack is when you eliminate tracking practices from the nation's schools.
The Other Side of the Tracks • Many people oppose this because if we don't separate the different groups the bright students would be lost while the slower students try keeping up. • An unmarked revolution has occurred that has caused the 93% of schools to have tracking in 1965 drop to 15%.
The Other Side of the Tracks • Now they use ability grouping which sorts students based on capability but may vary by subject. • Students are able to change which ability groups they are in every year • A student that is in a high-ability math group this year may be in a high-ability English group next year • Qucik Questions: • What do you think of the idea of tacking? Do you think that we should get rid of it altogether or is it a good idea? Since most schools changed to ability grouping do you think this is a good change for our schools?
The Power of Elementary Peer Groups • This section is about the way dependency on the teacher declines as the students go through elementary school. • Starting with first grade all students are trying to become accustomed to the new setting of being away from their parents so they rely on their teachers to guide them and answer all of their questions. • Then as they start getting used to the new setting they start distancing themselves from the teacher and the genders start distancing themselves as well. • The gender wall in elementary school which blocks boy and girl interaction is more powerful than the racial barriers.
The Power of Elementary Peer Groups • The general social life of the class and the student interactions can be laid out by sociograms. • Sociograms have circles representing the studetns, the colors of the circles representing gender, and lines connecting the circles showing how many times the students interact with one another. • In some instances you have outliers of students that don't interact with the rest of the class because they isolate themselves and don't really have any friends.
The Adolescent Society • Middle School: A Gendered World • In today's middle schools a sense of the 1950's and 60's sexism is coming out because this is the time when male and female roles are defined • For example a boy is afraid to take a music class and being called a fag. • A girl is afraid to get good grades on account of being called a nerd and no guys liking her. • Boys are expected to play sports and excel at them. • These examples happen to students from all backgrounds, whether they live in urban, suburban, or rural America.
The Adolescent Society • High School: Lessons in Social Studies • In high school social status is observed more in the sense of popularity or lack of. • The students view it more of a group hangout that an academic environment. • The answers friends, sports and even nothing came before classes when students were asked what their favorite thing about school was. • According to research it has shown that the more popular kids are no better off outside of high school than the average student. It was shown that the students a tier under the popular kids actually excelled the most.
Social Challenges Come to School • Family Patterns • In today's society only two-thirds of children live in two-parent families. • Many families are now called alternative families. • Alternative families are family lifestyles other than a married male and female living with their children. Examples include: single parent, same sex marriage, living with relatives besides a parent and unmarried couples that live together • Wage Earners and Parenting • Two-thirds of today's children, with married parents, have parents working outside the home but it stills falls upon the women to raise the children.
Social Challenges Come to School • Latchkey Kids • About 4 million children are left to take care of themselves after school until their parents get home; they are referred to as latchkey kids • Latchkey was created to describe the children who carry a key on a cord or chain around their necks to unlock their home door. • It is said that latchkey kids can be of any background but the more educated the parents are the more likely they are to have a letchkey child.
Social Challenges Come to School • Divorce • Although divorce is common, with over half of marriages ending in divorce, that does not mean it is easy on the children. • The single parent has to worry about finances because of the major cut in income, while the child could develop behavioral issues that could begin to affect their schooling. • The process is much like mourning after a loved one who has died and that children usually rebound withing the first year or two.
Social Challenges Come to School • Poverty • Children are among the poorest group in our society and current programs and policies are woefully inadequate to meet their growing needs. • When children are poor they are more likely to drop out of school and be involved in violent crime, early sexual activity, and drugs. • They also tend to live in equally bleak neighborhood which makes them feel isolated and doesn't allow one to learn as much as they possibly can. • Also trips to learning environments such as museums or zoos are difficult to manage so they have little idea what the rest of the world is like and are stuck thinking that their neighbor in an example of all there is.
Social Challenges Come to School • Poverty continued: • Teachers need to start looking at the culture of poverty to understand the unique needs of living in poverty. • Culture of Poverty was coined by Oscar Lewis and describes how people in poverty often have their own behavioral norms, communication skills, and even ways on viewing the world. • This is shown in the difference in opinion that were given when children from middle class families and children living in poverty were asked about an object.
Social Challenges Come to School • Hidden America: Homeless Families • There are 1.5 million homeless children in America from urban and rural, or every racial and ethnic background, and face significant school challenges. • Congress, in 1987, passed the McKinney-Vento Homeless Assistance Act, providing the homeless with emergency food services, adult literacy programs, access to schooling, job training, and other assistance This act has been amended to facilitate the public education of homeless children. • This forced schools to accept homeless children and required them to have a liaison make sure that the children were not segregated and received a competent education.
Children: At Promise of a Risk? • Dropping Out • Students that are poor are six times more likely to drop out than wealthy ones right along with the children whose parents don't care about education • Only about 70% of students actually graduate high school. • Nearly 1 million high school students drop out every year and most of those follow racial, ethnic, and gender patterns that are rather disturbing • Most of these students actually had good grades but found the classes boring, were worried about prenancy, or financial concerns. • But the high school drop-outs tend to make at least $10,000 less than someone with a high school diploma.
Children: At Promise of a Risk? • Sexuality and Teenage Pregnancy • Rates of teen pregnancy and STD's in this nation are the highest in the industrialized world and are still rising. • Most of the current abstinence only classes are outdated and give students the wrong information so the results that teenagers' sexual behaviors don't change aren't that surprising • A growing number of states have actually refused government funding towards the abstinence only classes to provide up-to-date, judgement-free information about contraception.
Children: At Promise of a Risk? • Substance Abuse • The USA has the highest rate of drug abuse within teenagers. • While a lot of schools offer funding programs such as D.A.R.E(Drug Abuse Resistance Education) research has revealed that these programs do little to curve the drug use.
Children: At Promise of a Risk? • Obesity and Eating Disorders • About 9 million American children ages 6-19 are overweight and obese. • This is because of too much television, unhealthy diets, and a lack of physical education programs in some schools. • While obesity is such a major problem in the U.S. there is another extreme as well
Children: At Promise of a Risk? • Obesity continued: • About 11 million children have an eating disorder because we are taught that nothing is too skinny. • This is because of all the super models, magazines, and photo shopped pictures that reveal what the perfect body looks like. • On top of this a lot of boys are using steroids to get the perfect muscular body as seen on TV. • Television and the media have too much control over what we deem as beautiful.
Children: At Promise of a Risk? • Youth Suicide • Even though in the last three decades the general incident of suicide has decreased the rate for those between ages of 15-24 has tripled. • Suicide is the third leading cause of death among adolescents, and many health specialists believe it is seriously unreported. • Teachers should look for depression, sadness, boredom or low energy, loss of interest in favorite pastimes, irritability, physical complaints and illness, serious changes in sleeping and eating, and school avoidance or poor performance.
Children: At Promise of a Risk? • Bullying • Bullying is a major issue just being recognized for the harm that is could do. • In the past most teachers and school officials would just brush it off as students tattling or boys being boys but that is a dangerous negligence on their part. • Bullying can cause withdrawal from school activities, poor grades, depression, suicide, and eating disorders • Finally anti-bullying practices are being put into effect to try to stop bullying in its tacks and to make schools safer learning environments.
