Chapter 31:CHINA a.k.a.CHI-COM
CHINA
CHINA: An Ancient History • Chinese civilizationbeganabout5,000 yearsago • Almost all that time agriculture has been the key to life • Lack of militarytechnology allowed theU. S. and Europeto force their way into China during the 1800s
CHINESE HISTORY • By the 1900s. TheU. S. and Europehad “carved” China into “spheres-of-influence” • Spheres-of-influence: An area of acountry that ispolitically/economically controlledby another country, thoughnot directly.
CHINESE HISTORY • ManyChinese hatedhow they were beingtreated • Some wanted to take onWesterncultures • Somewanted to retain only theirtraditionalChinese culture • Others wanted to “blend” both
CHINESE HISTORY • During the struggle theNationalist’s Partycame to power • Forced theEmperor to abdicate • Abdicate: Give up power • Sun Yat-sen became president
CHINESE HISTORY • The army and localwarlordsdidn’t want to give up power • Warlords: Regionalleaders withtheir ownarmies. • After Sun Yat-Sen’s death, Chiang Kai-shekcame to power • A trainedsoldier, Chiang quicklydefeatedthe regional warlords
COMMUNISM • During the late 1920s, many members of the NationalistPeople’s Party wanted to follow the Communistpath of the U. S. S. R. • Chiang ordered the communists killed
COMMUNISM • Some hid in the mountains • They made “The Long March” • Led by Mao Zedong (mow zhuh doong) • Traveled over 6,000 miles mostly on foot • Of the 100,000 who started, only 8,000 made it to safety
COMMUNISM • During the 1930s, the Japanese invaded China • Nationalists & Communists temporarily united to fight this common enemy • After WW-II ended, the two sides began to fight again
COMMUNISM • The poor-Chinese joined with the Communists and defeated the Nationalists • Nationalists ran to Taiwan & set up a democratic government • Communists set up a government at Beijing: “The People’s Republic of China”
CHINA
COMMUNISM & “THE PLANS” • After the war, China’s economy was in bad shape • Mao Zedong put a “Plan” together to increase agricultural production • Mao’s plan was: Collective farming • By 1956, 88% of all Chinese-poor worked on collective farms • This first plan didn’t work sooooooo…Plan Two
Communism & “THE PLANS” • “THE GREAT LEAP FORWARD” • The 700,000 collective farms were combined into 26,000 communes • Commune: A community whose members share common interests, work, and income and work the land collectively.
Communism & “THE PLANS” • All decisionswere made by Communists • Great Leap Forward was a Great Leap Backwards • People had no reason to work hard…and they didn’t • This, combined with bad weather from 1958 to 1960 brought bad harvests…and starvation
Communism & “THE PLANS” • PLAN THREE: “The Cultural Revolution” • After much criticism, Mao decided to take far more drastic measures • Mao ordered a total restructuring of CHI-COM society
Communism & “THE PLANS” • The Red Guard (Young, fanatical CHI-COMS) were under orders to destroy the “Old Four” • OLD ideology • OLD thought • OLD habits • OLD customs
Communism & “THE PLANS” • Anyone opposing Mao was beaten, imprisoned or killed • As a result: • Farm production fell • Manufacturing stopped • Schools were closed • The “Cultural Revolution” ruined the economy of China
Communism & “THE PLANS” • End of “THE PLANS” • Mao Zedong died in 1976 • Deng Xiaoping (dung shau ping) took power • THE FOUR MODERNIZATIONS • Modernize agriculture • Modernize Industry • Modernize Science & technology • Modernize the Military
Communism & “THE PLANS” • Deng didn’t care how this modernization was done, as long as it worked • After years of a planned-economy, collective farming, starvation, prisons, the CHI-COMS tried something that has worked everywhere it was tried… Free-Market Economy
CHANGES IN AGRICULTURE • Deng split up the communes • Rented the land to individual farmers who decided what to produce • After paying their “rent,” the farmers could keep or sell any crops they grew • This increased production • Farmer’s income increased
CHANGES IN INDUSTRY • The CHI-COMS first pushed heavy industry(production of iron, steel and machines used in other industries) • Deng changed to light industry (production of consumer goods) • Clothing • Appliances • Bicycles
CHANGES IN INDUSTRY • The Chi-Coms set up four “Special Economic Zones” • On the Southeast coast • Foreign Capital (investment $$$ from other countries came in) • China now has over 20 Million factories • Due to thesechanges, China’s economy has quadrupled
UNEXPECTED RESULTS • Economic growthhas been uneven • Coastal & Southern cities have prospered the most • At its current rate, China may soon become the 3rd largest economy in the world
MORE POLITICAL TROUBLE • With economic freedom, the Chinese wanted political freedom • Called the “Fifth Modernization” • In 1989, 100,000 demonstrators crowded into Tiananmen Square in Beijing • Ignoring orders to go home, the Army opened fire killing 2,000 people • Government decided: Economic growth can continue, only if the people are kept “in line”
CULTURES • Must request permission to move • Cannot say anything against the government • People practicing religion are dealt with harshly
CULTURES • Overpopulation: • 1.3 Billion people • Chi/Coms ordered population control • Families are limited to only one child • Have more children…fines, lost jobs & lower pay
TIBET • Plateau of Himalayas • 14,000’ PLUS • Buddhists • Lead by a Theocrat: (Someone who claims to rule by their god)
TIBET • China invaded in 1959 • Tried to end Buddhist Religion • Set up Collective Farms • Chi-Coms declared Tibet an Autonomous Zone • Similar to a Province in Canada
TAIWAN
Taiwan • Name means “terraced coastline” • After the Communists took the mainland, the Nationalists set up a provisional government in Taiwan • Provisional Government: temporary government • For years, Many countries refused to “recognize” the Communist government and hoped that the Nationalists could retake China
Taiwan • Since the 1970s, many countries do not recognize Taiwan • However, many do big business with Taiwan • Double Cropping: Due to the warmer climate, farmers can produce more than one crop a year
Hong Kong
Hong Kong
HONG KONG • A 400 square mile peninsula on the East Coast • Home to more than six million, almost all Chinese • In 1898, the British forced the Chinese government to rent Hong Kong to them for 99 years
HONG KONG • Under the “free-enterprise system” Hong Kong became an “economic giant” • In 1997, Hong Kong returned to China • China has agreed to allow Hong Kong to continue as it did before
HONG KONG • Manybelieved that the Chi-Coms would “take” everything Hong Kong had • Possible exodus (most people leaving) didn’t happen • The Hong Kong economy continues because China needs the money
MONGOLIA
Map of China MONGOLIA
MONGOLIA • Buffer State: Protective zone between China and Russia • In the 1200s, Genghis Khan ruled much of Asia and Europe
MONGOLIA • Following its neighbor’s example, adopted communism • By 1990s, democratic election were held • Most make their living by nomadic-herding
Reach For A Star Production John P. Lukewww.mrluke.net
