Unit 2 Review

1. Unit 2 Review United States History Mr. Hughes

2. The Populist Party • The three major things called for on their platform were • Bimetallism, the free and unlimited coinage of silver. • A progressive income tax. • An eight-hour work day. William Jennings Bryan

3. Monopolies v. Trusts Monopoly Trusts This is when a number of businesses cooperate to dominate an industry and split the profits. • This process involves one company competing with and destroying its competitors .

4. The Jungle & The Meat Inspection Act of 1906 • In 1906, after spending time in a Chicago meat packing plant, Upton Sinclair publishes the book, The Jungle. • It shed light on the conditions men had to work in while in the plants. • It also showed what was going into the food they were packing. • The public was outraged and the Meat Inspection Act of 1906 was passed. • The Food and Drug Administration is a result of the uproar from The Jungle http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m1U0kXX0RAM

5. The Interstate Commerce Act • Congress passed the law in 1887. • This followed the Supreme Court decision to overturn Munn v. Illinois which allowed states to regulate railroad rates, which benefited farmers. • The federal government now assumed responsibility to supervise railroad activities. • The overall goal of the law was to lower excessive railroad rates and stop railroad abuses

6. Social Darwinism • The ideology was popular to explain why only a small few had all the wealth in the United States. • It was based off Charles Darwin book, Origin of the Species, which argued that the animals on the planet were the best suited for survival. • Essentially it explained that the rich got that way because they are the smartest and have worked the hardest. • It was the explanation used for the economic divide in the United States.

7. Social Gospel Movement • The Social Gospel Movement was started in the late 19th century to help improve the lives of the urban poor. • They preached the salvation through service to the poor. • Many did answer the call and began to help the urban poor. • People like Richard Ely, Washington Gladden, and Walter Rauschenbusch were all influential leaders of the cause.

8. Settlement Houses • As problems in the cities mounted, concerned reformers worked to find solutions. • One point of focus was trying to eliminate urban poverty. • One avenue they took was to create settlement houses. • These houses were built in slums neighborhoods to help the poor, especially immigrants. • The house offered educational, cultural, and social services to their communities. • Charles Stover and Stanton Colt are credited for opening the first settlement house in NYC in 1886. • Jane Addams and Ellen Gates opened the Hull House in Chicago in 1889. • In 1910, Janie Porter Barrett opened the first settlement house for African-Americans, the Locust Street Settlement, in Hampton Virginia. • By 1910, there were 400 settlement houses in the United States. • These houses helped cultivate a social responsibility for the urban poor. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AfqbPW3MDVk&feature=related

9. Carnegie & Rockefeller • Andrew Carnegie and John D. Rockefeller were captains of industry in the late 1800’s. • Carnegie used vertical integration to amass his fortune. • While Rockefeller used horizontal integration to earn his millions.

10. Gilded Age • The name “Gilded Age” refers to the massive economic growth in the United States from 1869 through 1896. • On the outside, America looked rich and a symbol of democracy, but a closer look would illustrate political corruption and greed.

11. Industrial Growth • There were 3 major reasons for the massive industrial growth in the United States between 1860 and 1920. • Abundant natural resources. • New inventions • A growing population to provide markets and workers.

12. The use of scabs were unpopular with striking workers during the late 1800’s because they were a tool used by owners to break a strike. Scabs

13. Skyscrapers • With the growing populations and limited living areas, many cities grew up instead of out. • This was an option due to the development of a cheap and easy way to make steel at the end of the 19th century.

14. Urbanization • With the idea that the U.S. had jobs for everyone, many people settled in the major industrial cities in order to find work. • In 1907 alone, over 1 million people arrived from Italy, Austria-Hungary, and Russia. • With the 1898 annexation of Hawaii to the United States, the door opened for Japanese to come to the U.S. • By 1920, 200,000 Japanese lived on the West Coast. • The term urbanization was used to describe the growth in cities.

15. U.S. Population 1850-1900 • Millions of immigrants came to the United States with the hope of attaining a better life. • Immigrants had the option to start over in the United States or face famine, overpopulation, and/or religious persecution in their homeland. • Some immigrants where known as “birds of passage”, they would simply come to earn money, and then return to their homeland.

16. Political Machines • Once admitted into the country, immigrants now had to find a place to live, a job, and survive in a culture that was entirely new to them. • Political groups helped the immigrants find medical treatment, housing, jobs, and schools. • This was an attempt to influence their vote in later elections. • Social reformers saw this practice as a exploitation of the newly arrived immigrants. • They attacked them through various legal avenues eventually brought them down.

17. Americanization • Many people who lived in America saw their country as a melting pot. • This was the mixture of all the different nationalities to create an American culture. • This did call for immigrants to drop the customs they were used to in order to become “Americanized”. • Even with having to endure racial and ethnic prejudice, many new immigrants did not want to leave behind traditions of their old country.

18. Labor Unions • The usual laborer during this time period worked long hours and was paid low wages. • One example was the Triangle Shirtwaist Company. • Women there worked 14 hours days, 6 days a week, and received about $6 in wages. • The low wages and long hours prompted workers to unite and form unions.

19. Sherman Antitrust Act • This was created to break up monopolies. • It was used by business leaders to limit labor union activities by claiming that it interfered with trade.

20. Haymarket Affair & Homestead Strike • There were 3 major results from the Haymarket Affair and Homestead Strike. • Public opinion began to turn against the labor movement. • The end of any meaningful union in the steel industry for almost 40 years. • Management, in many cases, began forcing new employees to sign “yellow- dog” contracts, prohibiting them from joining a union.

21. Progressive Era Politics • With all the problems the nation faced, a new philosophy took over the government. • The Progressive Era was based off a government that pushed to foster efficiency and respond to public needs.

22. Gentleman’s Agreement • 1908: The Gentleman’s Agreement was signed between the United States and Japan. • In 1906, the city of San Francisco forced all Japanese students to attend segregated schools. • Japan protested in response to the move. • Japan agreed to limit emigration to the United States in exchange for the repeal of the San Francisco school segregation.

23. Chinese Exclusion Act • 1882: Congress stopped the immigration of Chinese for 10 years by passing the Chinese Exclusion Act. • Only students, teachers, merchants, tourists, and government officials were permitted to enter the U.S. • It severely limited the number of immigrants from China into the United States. • It was extended another 10 years in 1892 • It was not repealed until 1943.

24. Horizontal v. Vertical Integration Horizontal Vertical Vertical integration is when a company buys up the companies that produce resources for his company. This was the practice of Carnegie and Carnegie Steel Company. • In this practice, a company buys up, or creates a trust with, all of the companies that produce a similar product to theirs. • Rockefeller used this to create Standard Oil. • This is the way most monopolies have been created.

25. Railroads • There were 3 things the railroads did for the United States • They made westward expansion possible. • They led cities to specialize in certain industries. • They led to the development of time zones.