1. AC Circuits (Chapt 33) • circuits in which the currents vary in time • differential equations

2. AC Voltage The current in any AC circuit is driven by an AC source.This alternating current varies sinusoidally with time:Δv = ΔVmax sin ωt* Δv is the instantaneous voltage * ΔVmax is the maximum output voltage of the source* ω is the angular frequency of the AC voltage

3. AC Voltage • The angular frequency is • ƒ is the frequency of the source • T is the period of the source • The voltage is positive during one half of the cycle and negative during the other half • Commercial electric power plants in Canada/US use a frequency of 60 Hz • This corresponds with an angular frequency of 377 rad/s

4. Resistors in an AC Circuit • Consider a circuit consisting of an AC source and a resistor • The AC source is symbolized by • Δv = ΔvR = Δvmaxsin wt • ΔvR is the instantaneous voltage across the resistor

5. Resistors in an AC Circuit • The instantaneous current in the resistor is • The instantaneous voltage across the resistor is also given as: ΔvR = ImaxR sin ωt

6. Resistors in an AC Circuit • The graph shows the current through and the voltage across the resistor • The current and the voltage reach their maximum values at the same time • The current and the voltage are said to be in phase

7. Resistors in an AC Circuit • For a sinusoidal applied voltage, the current in a resistor is always in phase with the voltage across the resistor • The direction of the current has no effect on the behavior of the resistor • Resistors behave essentially the same way in both DC and AC circuits

8. RMS Current and Voltage • The average current in one cycle is zero • The rms current is the average of importance in an AC circuit • rms stands for root mean square • Alternating voltages can also be discussed in terms of rms values

9. Example Show that the RMS values for a sinusoidal function are 0.707 of the max.

10. Notes About RMS Values • RMS values are used when discussing alternating currents and voltages because: • AC ammeters and voltmeters are designed to read rms values • Many of the equations that will be used have the same form as their DC counterparts

11. Example An AC power supply produces a maximum voltage ΔVmax = 100 V. This power supply is connected to a 24.0-Ω resistor, and the current and resistor voltage are measured with an ideal AC ammeter and voltmeter, as shown below. What does each meter read? Note that an ideal ammeter has zero resistance and that an ideal voltmeter has infinite resistance.

12. Example In the simple AC circuit shown, R = 70.0 Ω and Δv = ΔVmax sin ωt. a) If ΔvR= 0.250 ΔVmax for the first time at t = 0.010 0 s, what is the angular frequency of the source? b) What is the next value of t for which ΔvR= 0.250 ΔVmax?

13. Example Show that the rms value for the sawtooth voltage shown in the figure is ΔVmax /√3.

14. Solution