Anatomy & physiology

basic chemistry Anatomy & physiology

Matter: anything that takes up space & has mass • Energy: ability to do work (effects matter) Concepts of matter and energy

Trace elementsmake up less than .01%(like I) Compounscontain 2 or more elements(H2O, NaCl) http://www.google.com/imgres

energy • Kinetic energy: energy of motion • Potential energy: stored (inactive) energy • Electrical energy: movement of charged particles • Chemical energy: energy of bonds (stored within molecules) • Mechanical energy: energy used to move • Radiant energy: electromagnetic energy (x-rays, heat, light)

All matter is composed of elements. • Each element is composed of the same atoms. • Atoms have: • Protons (p+): positive charge • Neutrons (n): neutral • Electrons (e-): negative charge • The most abundant elements in the human body are (in order): Oxygen (O), Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), and Nitrogen (N). The next most abundant: phosphorus (P) and sulfur (S) Composition of matter

Molecules: 2 or more (generally) identical atoms chemically combined • Compound: 2 or more different atoms chemically combined Molecules and compounds

Covalent bonds Ionic bonds • Electrons are shared (either equally or not equally) • Ex: H2, O2 or C6H12O6 (glucose) • Electrons are transferred between atoms (one atom gives e-, the other receives e-) • Ex: salts like NaCl (sodium chloride) Types of chemical bonds

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Types of chemical bonds • Hydrogen bonds: a bond between a hydrogen of one compound to a nitrogen or oxygen of another compound. • TWO different compounds are involved! • Ex: 2 water molecules http://www.google.com/imgres?

Synthesis: Decomposition: • Anabolic; to make or create; to build up; these reactions make chemical bonds • Require energy • A + B  AB • Catabolic; to break down or decompose; these reactions break chemical bonds. • Release energy • AB  A + B Chemical reactions

Exchange: Reversible: • Both synthesis & decomposition; parts of 2 compounds switch (exchange) places. • AB + CD  AC + BD • Reactions that can go in both directions. • A + B ↔ AB Chemical reactions

Inorganic: Organic: • Molecules that lack C (except CO and CO2) • Include: salts, water, CO2, and many acids & bases • Molecules that contain C (& usually H & O) • Include: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, & nucleic acids Biochemistry of living matter

Water: most abundant inorganic compound in the body. Important b/c • Maintains body temperature (has high heat capacity ) • Dissolves many substances (solvent of life) • Most chemical reactions occur in water (chemical reactivity) • Water protects and cushions (CSF, fetus) • Salts: ionic compounds ; are electrolytes. Important b/c • Transport substances in and out of cell • Conduct nerve & muscle impulses Inorganic compounds

When electrolytes release more H+ (ions) than OH- (ions), the resulting solution is anacidwhile more OH- than H+, it is abase. Acidityis measured based on the concentration ([ ]) of H+ and OH-. These are inversely proportionate: increased [H+]=decreased [OH-]. The measurement is a scale called the pH scale. It ranges from 0-14, with 7 being neutral (water). The scale: Acids= high [H+], low [OH-],0-6= acidic Ex: HCl Bases= low [H+], high [OH-], 8-14=basic or alkaline Ex: NaOH Neutral= [H+]=[OH-], 7, water Buffers: maintain the stability of acids-bases within the body. by taking up excess H+ or OH-. Acids and bases

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http://www.google.com/imgres? http://www.valueflora.com/ccp51/media/images/product_category/fruit_superior.jpg Organic compounds Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids, oh my… http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/images/cell20membrane.jpg http://www.google.com/imgres?

Contain C, H, & O in a fixed ratio (2 H for every 1 C and 1 O; remember “CH20”). • Known as sugars • Three categories: • Monosaccharidesare simple sugars (1 sugar: glucose (C6H12O6) a.k.a. blood sugar, fructose & galactose • Disaccharides are double sugars: sucrose (table sugar), lactose (milk sugar) & maltose (malt sugar) • Polysaccharides are many sugars: starch and glycogen carbohydrates

Contain C, H, & O but not in a fixed ratio. • Do NOT dissolve in H2O; but dissolve (soluble) in ether and chloroform • Fats (most common lipids)store energy (supply more than carbs gram for gram); ex: triglyceride (3 fatty acids & 1 glycerol) • can be saturated or unsaturated • Phospholipids are major constituent of cell membranes; contain 2 parts: hydrophilic (meaning water loving or H2O soluble) and hydrophobic(meaning water fearing or insoluble in H2O). • Steroids:simplest & most important ischolesterol (found in all body cells and used to synthesize hormones & other steroids). lipids

proteins • Composed of amino acids; contain C, H, O, N & sometimes S • Provide structural materials, energy sources, hormones, & enzymes in which their structure determines their fcn. • Most have a 3D shape that can be denatured, or destroyed, easily by high temperatures, pH, radiation, or electricity. • Glycoproteins are proteins w/ carbs, on cells, act as receptors for chemical messages & recognition. • Antibodiesprotectagainst foreign bodies (invaders). • Enzymes are catalysts in chemical rxns but are not part of the rxns (not consumed).

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large and complex molecules that contain C, H, N, O and P • Composed of nucleotides (building blocks). • Nucleotides contain: a 5-C sugar (called a pentose), a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base (adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine, or uracil) • 2 groups: • 1. RNA (ribonucleic acid): sugar is a ribose; single stranded molecule • 2. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid): sugar is a ribose without an O; double stranded molecule; molecular code of life Nucleic acids

DNA http://www.scq.ubc.ca/wp-content/dna.gif

Anatomy & physiology