What is lymph anyway ?

1. BI OL 2030 Human Anatomy & Physiology II What is lymph anyway? Lymph… _____ that leaks out of __________ into “interstitial spaces” due to __________ ____________. ____________ _____________ opposes this flow ____of fluid returns _______, remaining lymph then gathers in lymph vessels, ___________________________

2. Take 5!!! Edema results from an interruption of the aforementioned processes On the basis of what you know about fluid movement, explain the following:a) edema due to < plasma protein [ ]b) edema due to > capillary permeability to the point plasma proteins leak outc) edema due to > b.p.

3. Why do we have a Lymphatic (Immune ) System? 3 main functions of Lymphatic System 1) _______________ 30l leaks out/day… How many liters not reabsorbed back into blood directly? 2) _______________ Part of villifound in intestines 3)_______________ We will focus on this aspect

4. How does lymph get back into the blood? 1) _____________ _______________ (no basement membrane and only loosely associated epithelia) 2) 3)

5. How does lymph get back into the blood? 4) _________ ___________ push lymph towards heart 5) Major lymph vessels segregated into 2 routes, each entering…

6. What comprises the lymphatic system? • “MALT” • Diffuse L.T. • Tonsils • Lymph nodes • Cellular components (ex. WBCs)

7. ♪Born and raised in the Peyer’s patch♫ ? • ___________________: located below mucosa, around nodules and within nodes and spleen • _________________: small clumps of dense lymphatic tissue (many lymphocytes, some macrophages, reticular cells etc.) U. Mich. Med. School • ______________: collections of lymph nodules associated with the distal small intestine and appendix

8. What are tonsils and do we really need them? • _________ are patches of dense lymphatic tissue • They surround… • Can become… • Diminish in adults Tonsilectomy

9. What is a lymph node…and do I have any? __________ are small structures in-line with lymph vessels They… Superficial clusters in: CA Metastasis!!!

10. What is a lymph node…and do I have any? Lymph nodes

11. What’s so special about a spleen? SizeLocationFunctions: • Detects and responds to… • Harbors…

12. What is so fasthinating thymuses? SizeLocationFunctions: • Aids in… Positive & Negative selection

13. What does it mean to be “immune”? Immunity is… 2 Types… 1) _______________Generic response to “invaders” = = 2) _______________Specific response to specific “invaders”

14. Why is innate immunity a general response? Four basic aspects of Innate Immunity... 1) 2) 3) 4)

15. Pathogens need an entrance to the body! What are the mechanisms of innate immunity? 1) _____________________ • Mostly covered with ______ • Natural openings • Protected via:eyes = ears = nose = throat = others=

16. What are the mechanisms of innate immunity? 2) ____________________ Many of the former substances have chemical properties that also inhibit pathogens Examples:Tears and saliva = Others (see table 22.1)

17. What are the mechanisms of innate immunity? 3) ____________________ Leukocytes originate where? Leukocytes reside in various places such as? They are effective where? In order to arrive where they need to…= to move or “arrange” in response to chemical signals Chemical signals include:complement, _____________, kinins, _________

18. What are the mechanisms of innate immunity? 3) Cellular Components (cont.) Important cellular function is _____________ Which Leukocytes are phagocytic? = small, 1st to arrive, “kamakazies”, release lysosomal enzymes, die easily = big cells w/ many lysosomes, can devour many particles, clean-up (including dead neutrophils) also: secrete chemicals interferon, complement etc.

19. What are the mechanisms of innate immunity? 3) Cellular Components (cont.) Other cell types involved: and = = =(______________) Motile (mast cells non-motile) Activated via innate OR adaptive immunity Release histamine, leukotrienes Motile, release enzymes breaking down basophil/mast cell products Recognize tumor cells, cells with viruses in them…not specific immunity!

20. What are the mechanismsof innate immunity? Fig. 22.8 4)________________ • Complex reaction involving previously mentioned ___________________. • _________________ red, hot, swollen, pain, loss of function • _________________all of the above PLUSa) b)c)

21. Now what was adaptive immunity again? Adaptive immunity has…________ and _____________ Divided into 2 approaches for 2 different types of pathogens Extracellular (bacteria etc.) Intracellular (viruses, CA etc.) = =

22. How is adaptive immunity specific and how does it remember? Depends on antigens and their receptors _________ = substance that can cause an immune response (usually foreign can be self) __________ = polypeptide chains that can bind to specific antigenic determinants. On cell membranes and antibodies

23. How is adaptive immunity specific and how does it remember? Also utilize Major histo-compatibility molecules (_____ _______________) _______________ = “kill me” _______________ = “kill these guys”

24. Jenner’s Story… From milkbarn to history books

25. How do vaccines work? What are antibodies? … ________ ________ formed by B-cells (Plasma cells). Antibodies aid in __________ __________ in various ways...

26. How do vaccines work? <3 days 3-14 days

27. How does cell-mediated immunity work? T cells:

28. How does cell-mediated immunity work? T cells: _____________ cells bind to target cells and cause lysis. Also release cytokines _____________ persist & stay in circulation

29. What are the different types of acquired immunity?