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GROUP II METALS

GROUP II METALS. Dr. Althea R. Arenajo. CALCIUM. Both plants and animals contain calcium in some combined form In animals it is the primary element in bones

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GROUP II METALS

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  1. GROUP II METALS Dr. Althea R. Arenajo

  2. CALCIUM • Both plants and animals contain calcium in some combined form • In animals it is the primary element in bones • Reduction in the amount of ionized calcium n the blood causes a hypocalcemic tetany characterized by an increase irritability of all types of nerves and muscles

  3. CALCIUM • Serum calcium in excess has the opposite effect and from the pharmacological point of view may be considered as sedative • Calcium has a cardiac action similar to digitales • The cardiac effects of calcium are related to the delicate balance between calcium and potassium ion

  4. CALCIUM • Either one in excess when in excess causing cessation of the heart • Excess potassium causes a diastolic arrest, whereas excess calcium causes systolic arrest • Oral administration of calcium salts durimg calcium therapy is not necessarily contraindicated because it is difficult to achieve a significant rise in blood calciun by this route

  5. CALCIUM • It is necessary to observe great care if large doses of vit D or parathyroid extract are being administered simultaneously • Calcium decreases the permeability of the capillaries and thereby prevents edemas • Cacium has a role in blood clotting however, calcium deficiency is the cause of prolonged clotting

  6. CALCIUM • Nutritional deficiency of calcium lead to faulty growth • The need for calcium therapy in this condition may result from insufficient intake, insufficient Vit D • Vit D is essential for the maximum absorption of dietary calcium • Insufficient calcium in the diet together with too little calcium in the skeleton

  7. CALCIUM results in rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults • New use of calcium salts is in the control or relief of various allergic manifestations – eczema, pruritis, and urticaria • Some of the insoluble calcium salts are used as gastric anatacids and do not cause systemic alkalosis

  8. CALCIUM Official calcium compounds: 1. Calcium Carbonate • The most distributed calcium salts • Used as antacid but is not well absorbed, patients treated with CaCO3 show alkalosis and hypercalemia 2. Precipitated chalk (Creta Preparata, drop Chalk) Is a native form of calcium carbonate that has been freed from most of its impurities

  9. CALCIUM 3. Calcium Chloride USP • The chloride part decreases the alkali reserve of the body • Often administered to produce an acid urine or a definite acidosis 4. Calcium Gluconate USP • It is a source of calcium ion both for oral, intravenus and intramuscular use • It is much superior to calcium chloride, it has a better taste and less irritating

  10. CALCIUM 4. Calcium Hydroxide (Slaked Lime) • Internally, used as antacid • The sol’n is added to babies formula to prevent curding of milk in the presence of acid gastric contents • This promotes the digestibility of milk 5. Calcium Lactate NF • Used orally and parenterally for the action of calcium ions

  11. CALCIUM 6. Calcium Oxide ( Lime, Quicklime) • It is not used internally, but in making various insecticides and a constituent of many fertilizers 7. Sulfurated Lime (Vlemincx’s Sol’n, Vlem-Dome) • Useful as scabicide, acne and many other skin diseases

  12. CALCIUM 8. Dibasic Calcium Phosphate • Contains a ratio of 1:1 calcium to phosphorus, used for oral consumption as electrolyte replenisher • This salt supply both calcium and phosphorus, valuable for bone growth in children, pregnant women and lactating mothers • It is supplied with or without Vit D

  13. CALCIUM 9. Tribasic Calcium Phosphate(Precipitated Calcium Phosphate) Use: gastric antacid Dose: 1 Gm 10. Calcium Phosphate (Plaster of Paris, Exsiccated Calcium Sulfate, Dried calcium Sulfate) Used: for preparing bandages that will set up into a rigid form when wet with tepid water and wound onto a limb

  14. CALCIUM • 10. Bleaching Powder (Chlorinated Lime, Chloride of Lime) CaOCl . H2O • Is a white or grayish – white, granular powder, having a distict odor of chlorine • It is partially soluble in water and alcohol, not deliquescent • Used for disinfecting and as bleaching agents

  15. CALCIUM 10. Calcium Bromide NF • It is a white granular salt, bitter taste, and very deliquescent • It is used as same purpose as any other bromide • Has sedative action of bromide ion, by virtue of its being central depressant • It has a synergistic action with calcium bromide since both are nerve sedative

  16. BERYLLIUM • Obtained from the mineral beryl , the chief ore where it got its name • Also contain a little chromium silicate, thus also called as emerald • It is a hard, white, ductile and malleable mineral Pharma Action of Berullium ion: • There is a nutritional disturbances with loss of nitrogen, sulfur an dphosphorus

  17. BERYLLIUM • Intravenously, it is toxic disturbing the respiration, circulation & tempiserature • Poisoning results from cuts obtained by glass of broken fluorescent light tubes • The metal is now regarded as one of the most toxic in common use • It is never employed in medicine • It is used to make wire for pianos, musical instruments, artificial precious stones and scientific instruments

  18. MAGNESIUM • The salt was obtained by evaporating the water of a mineral spring at Epsom, tus the name Epsom Salt • Closely related to calcium and occurs widely and abundantly distributed • Mg is present in chlorophyll, Mg salts is associated with Ca compds in plants • Mg3 (PO4)2 occurs in bones and is one of the organic physiological constituent of urine

  19. MAGNESIUM • Magnalium is an alloy composed of aluminum • It is used in photography • Flash-light is mixture of powdered Mg and KClO3 or BaO2 • This is also used in pyrotechniques, tracer bullets, fire bombs, night flares • The metal is soluble in acids with the evolution of H and formation of salts

  20. MAGNESIUM Pharma Action of Mg ion: • Mg ion is vital to life in the human body • It is present to about 20 g in the body with bones contg 11.0 g, muscle 6.0 g, and the remaining widely dustributed in tissues and fluids • A daily intake of 7 to 10 mg /kg is sufficient to maintain Mg balance • The daily requirement is closer to 5mg/kg

  21. MAGNESIUM • It is obtained mainly from keafy green vegetables, milk and meat • Its most impt function is activator of many enzyme systems such as splitters of peptides and phosphate cmpds • It is a powerful anaesthetic IM and IV • The depressant action is on the cellular portion of the neuron and the neuromuscular junction

  22. MAGNESIUM • An excess of Mg decreases the amount of tranmitter subs, acetylcholine, liberate at the end plate • It is used as central nervous system depressants in obstetrics, convulsant states, and symptoms of tetanus • Its absorption in the GIT is retarded by alkaline and increased by acid media • Most absorption is in the acid media of duodenum

  23. MAGNSIUM • It is used as saline laxative • It is also used internally for its anti inflammatory action when applied as a hypertonic sol’n (sitz bath) Magnesium Compounds: • Magnesium Carbonate • Used as antacid, it is contraindicated only when the stomach must not be burdened with CO2

  24. MAGNESIUM • It acts as a laxative in the alimentary tract since it is converted into soluble magnesium carbonate • The soluble salts also acts as saline cathartics and acts by the absorption of water • Alkaline preps are used as clarifying or filtering agent (Tolu Balsam Syrup, Aromatic Eriodictyon Syrup)

  25. MAGNESIUM • It is also used as abrasive in some tooth powders, as a cosmetic and ingredient in some silver polishes 2. Magnesium Hydroxide NF (Milk of Magnesia, Magnesia Magma) • It is an efficient anatacid and the MgCl formed in the stomach exerts a ‘salt action’ in the intestinal tract causing mild laxative action

  26. MAGNESIUM • A blue - colored glass bottle enhances the white character and is usually used to dispense milk of magnesia • It should be stored at temperature not exceeding 350 C and should not be permitted to freeze 3. Magnesiun Oxide • It is of two types: light and heavy • The label should indicate whether it is light or heavy

  27. MAGNESIUM • Light MgO is finely ground and mix with MgCl and set to hard, strong and durable cement. Known as magnesia cement, oxychloride cement, Sorel’s cement and zylolith • Heavy MgO obtained by heating to white heat MgCO3 Aromatic Cascara Sagrada Fluidextract USP – is allowed to react for 48 hours with the bitter principle of cascara bark

  28. MAGNESIUM Dose: antacid = 250 mg 4X day; laxative = 4 g Universal Antidote: mixture of tannic acid, and charcoal 4. Magnesium Sulfate (Epsom Salts) Uses: saline cathartic; as antidote for barium, barbiturate, and other types of poisoning • Intravenous and intramuscular injection is used mostly as depressant

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