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This comprehensive overview of human growth and development covers essential counseling decision points across three critical phases: identifying the nature of the problem, adopting suitable counseling techniques, and completing the counseling process. It addresses significant factors such as genetic endowment, environmental forces, developmental history, and societal expectations. In addition to theoretical frameworks, the text highlights empirical research methods, ethical practices in counseling, and the various stages of human development from newborn to old age.
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Human Growth & Development SM 60 – Fall 2002 ETS - R. Bell Christian Commitment & Excellence in Learning
Seven Significant Counseling Decision Points within 3 Phases of Counseling Phase I – Identifying the Nature of the Problem • Problem Incidence • Correlated Problems • Typical Symptom Clusters • Causal Variables • Genetic Endowment • Environmental Forces • Developmental History • Predictions about Counselee’s Future • Societal Expectations & Pressures
Phase II: Adopting Suitable Counseling Techniques • An appropriate counseling approach • Logical Analysis • Normative data re: technique’s success in the past • Progress of the Case • Counselee cooperation • Counselee testimony • Adjustment inventories • Abatement of symptoms • Assessment of long-term outcomes • Evaluating the solution to the counselee’s problem – longtitudinal outcome
Phase III: Completing the Counseling Process Terminating Counseling: How? Why? By Whom?
Kail/Cavanaugh Chapter 1 The Study of Human Development
What is Lifespan Development? • The multidisciplinary study of • how people change and how • they remain the same over time.
Periods of Development • Newborn (birth to 1 month) • Infant (1 month to 1 year) • Toddler (1 to 2 years) • Preschooler (2 to 6 years) • School-age child (6 to 12 years) • Adolescent (12 to 20 years) • Young adult (20 to 40 years) • Middle-aged adult (40 to 60 years) • Young-old adult (60 to 80 years) • Old-old adult (80 years and beyond)
Recurring Issues • Nature vs. Nurture • Continuity vs. Discontinuity • Universal vs. Context-Specific
Forces in Human Development • Biological Forces • normative age-graded influences • normative history-graded influences • non-normative influences • Psychological Forces • Sociocultural Forces • Life-cycle Forces
What is a Theory? • an organized set of ideas that is designed to explain development
Empirical (Experimental) Reductionistic – one objective approach Hypothesis testing Seeks to prove/disprove Naturalistic Holistic – multiple subjective approaches Hypothesis generating Seeks to explain or interpret Two Major Approaches to Research:
Measurement Tools and Issues • Systematic Observation • naturalistic or structured • Sampling Behavior • Self Reports • Reliability and Validity Issues • Representative Sampling
Experimental Studies • Manipulate the key factor you think is causing a particular variable • Independent Variable • Dependent Variable IV (cause) >>> DV (effect) “Those who listen to music while studying perform poorly on tests.”
Developmental Designs • Longitudinal Design • Cross-sectional Design • Sequential Design
Naturalistic Design • Observation to achieve a “thick” understanding of the phenomenon • “thick” = multi-level • Flexible design • “What are the primary adjustments to living in a nursing home?” • “What factors determine an easy adjustment?”
Ethical Research Practices • Minimize risk to participants • Informed consent • Avoid deception • Results should be confidential
