Plantae (Plants)

1. Plantae (Plants) SB3b. Compare how structures and functions vary between the six kingdoms (archaebacteria, eubacteria, protista, fungi, plantae and animalia)

2. Characteristics • Eukaryotic • Cell walls of cellulose • Autotrophic • Multicellular • Sexual and Asexual Reproduction • Mostly terrestrial

3. EvolutionWhat did the plant have to overcome to live on land?

4. Nonvascular Plants Need to grow in moist environment because they get water by osmosis; NO ROOTS Life cycle-alteration of generations Short Lack vascular tissue Usually reproduce by spores Examples: mosses, liverworts, and hornworts

5. Vascular Plants • Seedless Vascular Plants: precursors to vascular plants w/ seeds • Dominant plant life until ~200 million yrs. ago • Produce spores • Ex. Whisk fern, club moss, horse tails, pg. 550

6. Vascular Plants continued • Seed plants-dominant modern plants • Divided into two groups • Gymnosperms • Have seeds in cones • Produce pollen that is carried by wind, water to ovule to form seeds • Are often evergreens • Ex. Phyla Coniferaphyta (pines), Cycadophyta (sago palm), Gnetophyta (Welwitschia), and Ginkgophyta (Ginko)

7. Vascular Plants - Angiosperms • All plants have flowers or fruit • Seed enclosed in fruits • Pollination occurs by wind, water, or animals • Valuables sources of food, timber, textiles, and medicine • Double fertilization occurs • Egg and Sperm = Seed • Polar Bodies and Sperm = Endosperm to nourish the seed • Monocots and Dicots

8. Monocots vs. Dicots • Monocots • Flowers parts in 3s • Parallel veins • 1 cotyledon in seeds • Vascular tissue in “monkey faces” scattered throughout the stem • Ex. Grasses, corn and lillies • Dicots • Flowers in 4s or 5s • Net-like veins • 2 cotyledons in seeds • Vascular tissue around the edges of the stems • Ex. Roses, beans, and sunflowers

9. Parts of Flower Female parts (Carpel) Stigma- where pollen germinates Style- Ovary Male parts (Stamen) Filament Anther- where pollen is produced Endosperm- food rich tissue that nourishes a seedling; ex. In the coconut, the milk is the endosperm

11. Plant Structures and Functions • Roots- underground organ that absorbs water and minerals; also anchor the plant • Taproot: one large root w/ small roots off of it; Ex. Pine Trees • Fibrous root system: many small roots. Typical for many monocots • Adventitiousroots: specialized roots that grow from stems & leaves • Ex. Prop roots

12. Plant Structure and Function Cont. • Stems • Tubers: underground stems that store carbohydrates • Ex. Potato • Stolons: horizontal aboveground stems that form new plants • Ex. Strawberry

13. Stems • Function to support the plant & hold the leaves up • In some plants the stems have chlorophyll for photosynthesis • In monocots the vascular bundles are throughout stem (monkey faces) • In dicots the vascular bundles are arranged around the outer portion of the stem

14. Plant Structures and Functions Cont. • Leaves • Tendril: wraps around objects to anchor the plant • Vines, peas, pumpkins • Food traps: trap insects in carnivorous plants • Pitcher plants, honeydew • Spines: function for protection & reduce desiccation

15. Leaves • Take in CO2, photosynthetic • Possess stomata on the underside of the leaf. • Leaves also contain chlorophyll which is essential in the process of photosynthesis

16. Plant Structure and Function Cont. Vascular Tissue Xylem- carries water upward from the roots to the rest of the plant Phloem- transports the products of photosynthesis from the leaves to the rest of the plant

17. Monocot Stem