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Ch. 9: Life at the Turn of the 20 th Century: 1870-1915

Ch. 9: Life at the Turn of the 20 th Century: 1870-1915. Section 1: The Expansion of Education. With urban migration, schools became bigger and new needs needed to be addressed. Public School Growth.

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Ch. 9: Life at the Turn of the 20 th Century: 1870-1915

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  1. Ch. 9: Life at the Turn of the 20th Century: 1870-1915

  2. Section 1: The Expansion of Education • With urban migration, schools became bigger and new needs needed to be addressed.

  3. Public School Growth • In 1870, just over half the nation’s white children attended free public schools, but few earned high school degrees. • Only 2% of all 17-year-olds graduated from high school. • Most students only went for a few years, often seasonally.

  4. Growth • By 1900, 31 states had laws requiring students between ages 8 and 14 to attend school. • By 1910, 72 percent of children attended school and 8.6 percent graduated from high school.

  5. School Days • In the early 1900s, most of the nation’s children attended one-room schools, particularly in rural areas. • Schooling focused on reading, writing, and arithmetic. • Discipline was often harsh. • Classrooms varied in age, ability, and numbers.

  6. Immigrants and Education • Immigrants placed a high value on American public education. • In some cases, free, public education was not available in their home countries. • Parents saw a good education as a necessary tool for their children’s development and success in a new country.

  7. Immigrant Education • Literacy, the ability to read and write, was the most important aspect of an immigrants education. • Being able to communicate in English was vital for immigrants in order to survive and gain employment. • Schools helped immigrants assimilate to American culture.

  8. World Literacy Rates

  9. Immigrant Assimilation • Assimilation- the process of adopting a new culture. • Many immigrants tried hard to assimilate to American culture, food, sports, and traditions in order to “fit in”. • Assimilation often causes tension between families and people groups, as some try to assimilate while others cling to their former culture.

  10. Higher Education Expands • Between 1880 and 1900, over 150 new American colleges and universities opened. • Despite new colleges, only a small, wealthy percentage of students attended colleges.

  11. Women and Higher Education • In the late 1800s there was increased pressure on men’s colleges to admit women. • Rather than admit women, some schools founded separate institutions for women. • Other schools became coeducational- admitted both men and women.

  12. African Americans and Higher Education • In 1890, only 160 African Americans attended white colleges. • While some white schools began accepting blacks, the late 1800s also saw the founding of a number of black colleges. • These schools include, Atlanta University, Fisk University, and Howard University.

  13. Perspectives of African American Education • There were two different schools of thought regarding the best method for uplifting African Americans through education. • The two schools of thought came from two prolific, highly education African Americans: Booker T. Washington and W.E.B Du Bois.

  14. Booker T. Washington • Tuskegee Institute. • African Americans should focus on becoming successful in practical, vocational trades. • Succeeding vocationally and economically would win white respect.

  15. “Cast down your bucket where you are” “To those of my race who depend on bettering their condition… I would say: ‘Cast down your bucket where you are’- cast it down… in agriculture, mechanics, in commerce, in domestic service, and in the professions… No race can prosper till it learns that there is as much dignity in tilling a field as in writing a poem.” -Booker T. Washington

  16. W.E.B. Du Bois • Ph.D. from Harvard. • Called for the “talented tenth,” brightest 10% of African Americans to pursue top tier careers (law, medicine, politics). • Opposed to the vocational schooling that Washington proposed.

  17. “not to make men carpenters, but carpenters men.” “I insist that the true object of all true education is not to make men carpenters, it is to make carpenters men… The Talented Tenth of the Negro race must be made leaders of thought and missionaries of culture among their people. No other can do this work and Negro colleges must train men for it.” – W.E.B. Du Bois

  18. Niagara Movement • In 1905, Du Bois helped found the Niagara Movement. • Called for full civil liberties, an end to racial discrimination, and recognition of human brotherhood. • Du Bois went on to work for the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), becoming one of the most well-known black leaders of the century.

  19. Section 2: New Entertainment • The growth of urban areas and technological advances created new opportunities for entertainment at the turn of the century.

  20. Vaudeville • Vaudeville shows were a kind of inexpensive variety show. • Acts consisted of • Comic sketches based on ethnic or racial humor • Song and dance routines • Magic acts • Ventriloquism, jugglers, and animals

  21. Minstrel Shows • “Blackface” • These racist shows reinforced racial stereotypes, exaggerating imitations of African Americans in music, dance, and humor.

  22. Movies • By 1908, the nation had 8,000 nickelodeons, old stores or warehouses converted into movie theatres. • Early movies were silent, often accompanied by a live piano player • Charlie Chaplin

  23. Charlie Chaplin

  24. The Circus • In 1872, the traveling circus was introduced. • “advance men” came to town to promote the traveling circus. • Circuses came, set up big tents, held a parade to kick off the event, then started the paid performances.

  25. Posters

  26. Amusement Parks • The technology of trolley lines gave berth to mechanical rides like the roller coaster. • Amusement parks followed, providing music, games, vaudeville productions, bathing beaches, and exciting rides.

  27. Coney Island, NY • Coney Island led the way with numerous amusement parks and festivities.

  28. Sports • Sports grew in popularity. • Baseball was most popular. • Investors began building enclosed fields and charging people to watch games. • Pro teams arose and the nation’s best players were paid to play the game.

  29. Newspapers • Between 1870 and 1900, newspaper circulation went from 2.6 to 15.1 million copies a day. • To compete for readership, publishers encouraged reporters to cover scandals, murders, and vice. This sensational news coverage became known as yellow journalism.

  30. Popular Fiction • Many “rags to riches” novels, such as those written by Horatio Alger, became popular. • “dime books” referred to inexpensive books with a wide readership. • Mark Twain was one of the most influential authors. • Wrote The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1884)

  31. The Negro Spiritual • Through concerts, African American religious folk music, or spirituals, were introduced to white audiences. • While making the Negro spiritual more acceptable among whites, singers also transformed the music by adopting other, European musical characteristics.

  32. Ragtime and Jazz • Originated among black musicians in the South and Midwest during 1880s. • Jazz grew out of the vibrant musical culture of New Orleans. • Jazz was influenced by African, Spanish, French, and Latin American musical traditions. • Scott Joplin: “entertainer”

  33. Section 3: The World of Jim Crow • Despite receiving their “freedom” after the Civil War, African Americans continued to experience discrimination, both informally and legally.

  34. Voting Restrictions • Fearing the power of the black and poor white vote, many southern states implemented tactics to deny voting rights to African Americans. • (p. 333) • Voting requirements included • Poll tax (African Americans couldn’t afford) • Must own property (most African Americans didn’t) • Literacy test (few African Americans were literate) • Grandfather clause- if you or your ancestor had already voted, you were exempt from the other requirements (helped whites avoid restrictions)

  35. Segregation • Many states instituted a system of legal segregation, keeping different racial groups separate. • Sometimes racial separation happens naturally as a result of custom, not legality, this is called “de facto segregation”.

  36. Jim Crow laws • In the South, segregation was actually required by law. • These segregation laws became known as Jim Crow laws, its name based on a popular minstrel show called “Jump Jim Crow”

  37. Separation • Segregation laws impacted every aspect of life. • They required the separation of schools, parks, public buildings, hospitals, and transportation systems.

  38. South Africa • South Africa is another example of racial segregation • Apartheid, the South African term/system for separation, was firmly in place until 1994. • Whites only accounted for around 10% of the population, yet still subjugated the entire black population.

  39. Plessy v. Ferguson • In 1896, African American Homer Plessy says segregation laws violate his right to “equal protection of the laws”. • Court rules that African Americans’ rights are not violated if kept separate, as long as their facilities are equal. • “Separate but equal” becomes the argument of segregationists for the next 60 years.

  40. Lynching • Lynching is the murder of an accused person by mob without lawful trial, often including bodily mutilation and hanging. • 1,200 African Americans were lynched during a 10 year period, 1882-1892. • Lynchings were rarely the result of a legitimate crime, but rather a way to inflict fear and a feeling of inferiority among blacks.

  41. Race Relations in North • Segregation in the North was not a legal matter, but de facto segregation. • African Americans that moved north to avoid segregation often found employment and opportunities scare there as well.

  42. The NAACP • The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People was founded in 1909. • Purpose was to abolish segregation and discrimination, and oppose racism. • NAACP remained a vital force for civil rights in coming decades.

  43. Achievements • Despite discrimination, some African Americans overcame the obstacles of racism and achieved significant success. Booker T. Washington with powerful group including Harvard President (far left) and Andrew Carnegie

  44. George Washington Carver • Became known for his scientific and agricultural research at Tuskegee Institute. • Scientist, botanist, educator, inventor, musician, and artist. A true renaissance man.

  45. Madam C. J. Walker • Successful businesswoman. • Started a chain of hair and beauty products as well as training schools. • By 1916, her company had 20,000 employees.

  46. Section 4: Changing Roles of Women • With new jobs, new educational opportunities, and new roles in the home and marketplace, many women experienced significant changes at the turn of the century.

  47. Women’s Equality • Traditionally, women worked at home or on the farm. • People had conflicting opinions about whether or not women should work outside of the house.

  48. Shifts • At the turn of the century some young women were migrating to cities to work in factories. • Many immigrant women also found work in factories. • Women from poor families were forced to work outside the home for income.

  49. Women in the Home • Most women, however, continued to work primarily in the home. • Without many of the modern appliances and conveniences of today, housework itself was much more demanding. • Some estimate that simply cleaning the house took 18-27 hours a week. • Women often made their own bread, butchered and preserved their own meat, and made their families own clothing.

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