1. Urine Examination

2. Urine examination • Usually done on the mid stream urine • Fresh voided urine • The container is clean and sterile (for culture ) • The sample must be tested within 1hr

3. Physical examination 1-apperance: When urine is clear that mean urine is free from WBC, RBC, Bacteria , epithelial cell . If urine is turbid we can found WBC,RBC ,Bacteria. 2-color: Normal color for urine is straw ,pale yellow ,light yellow Abnormal in color colorless , dark yellow ,red ……

4. 3-spacific gravity : Measure urine density or amount of solute in urine Normal SG for urine 1.025 Excessive water intake SG low 4-PH: Normal urine PH is (4.6-8.0) as averagen6.0

5. Chemical examination 1-protein : Test protein in urine by: Urine strip Sulfosalicylic acid Heating and cooling for bence jonce protein in multiple myeloma patients 2- Glucose : Under normal condition all most all of glucose filtrated If blood glucose is increase up to 180 mg/dl glucose appear in urine ( threshold value )

6. 3- blood 4- keton body 5-nitrite : Apositive nitrite test indicates that bacteria may be present in urine 6- bilirubin:

7. Microscopic examination 1-RBC 2-WBC 3-Bacteria 4-Epithelial cell 5-Cast

8. The cast may be (RBC cast, wbc cast , Hyaline cast, Granular cast , waxy cast ) 7- crystal IN acidic urine ( ca oxalate , amorphous urate, uric acid ) IN alkaline urine (ca phosphate , triple phosphate, amorphous phosphate )

11. Parasite in urine 1-ova of schistosoma hematobium

12. 2- Trichomonas vaginalis