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Chapter 9

Chapter 9. Experiments. Causal Evidence. Agreement between IVs and DVs. Time order of occurrence. Extraneous variables did not influence DVs. Causal Evidence?. Evaluation of Experiments. Advantages Ability to manipulate IV Use of control group Control of extraneous variables

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Chapter 9

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  1. Chapter 9 Experiments

  2. Causal Evidence Agreement between IVs and DVs Time order of occurrence Extraneous variables did not influence DVs

  3. Causal Evidence?

  4. Evaluation of Experiments Advantages • Ability to manipulate IV • Use of control group • Control of extraneous variables • Replication possible • Field experiments possible Disadvantages • Artificiality of labs • Non-representative sample • Expense • Focus on present and immediate future • Ethical limitations

  5. Experimentation in the Research Process

  6. Conducting an Experiment Specify treatment variables Specify treatment levels Control environment Choose experimental design Select and assign participants Pilot-test, revise, and test Collect data Analyze data

  7. Experiment: Placement of Benefits Module

  8. Selecting and Assigning Participants Random assignment Matching

  9. Random Assignment Equal and known chance of being assigned to any group in the experiment

  10. Quota Matrix Example

  11. Observation Physiological measures Paper-and-pencil tests Scaling techniques Self-administered instruments Measurement Options Options

  12. Validity in Experimentation Internal External

  13. Maturation History Testing Experimental mortality Statistical regression Instrumentation Selection Threats to Internal Validity Threats

  14. Additional Threats to Internal Validity Diffusion of treatment Compensatory equalization Compensatory rivalry Resentful disadvantaged Local history

  15. Threats to External Validity Reactivity of testing on X Interaction of selection and X Other reactive factors

  16. Experimental Research Designs Pre-experiments True experiments Field experiments

  17. After-Only Case Study X O Pre-experiment

  18. One Group Pretest-Posttest O1 X O2 Pre-experiment

  19. Static Group Comparison X O1 O2 Pre-experiment

  20. Pretest-Posttest Control Group Design R O1 X O2 R O3 O4 True experiment

  21. Posttest-Only with Control Group R X O1 R O2 True experiment

  22. Nonequivalent Control Group Design O1 X O2 O3O4 Field experiment

  23. Separate Sample Pretest-Posttest R O1 (X) R XO2 Field experiment

  24. Group Time Series Design R O1 O2 O3 X O4 O5 O6 R O7 O8 O9 O10 O11 O12 Field experiment

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