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Skeletal Organization

The human skeletal system is a complex framework composed of 206 bones, divided into two main parts: the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton includes vital structures such as the skull, vertebral column, and ribs, while the appendicular skeleton consists of the pectoral girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle, and lower limbs. This overview covers the terminology used to describe skeletal structures, the development of cranial and facial bones, and the importance of each segment in bodily support and movement.

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Skeletal Organization

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  1. Skeletal Organization 7.5 p. 205 – p. 259

  2. Basics • 206 bones in human body • Made up of 2 parts: • Axial Skeleton • Appendicular Skeleton • http://www.getbodysmart.com/ap/skeletalsystem/skeleton/introduction/tutorial.html

  3. Axial Skeleton • Skull • Cranium • Face • Hyoid Bone • Vertebral Column • Thoracic Cage • Ribs • Sternum

  4. Appendicular Skeleton • Pectoral girdle • Upper limbs • Pelvic girdle • Lower limbs

  5. Terms Used to Describe Skeletal Structures (Table 7.4 p. 208) • Meatus • Process • Ramus • Sinus • Spine • Suture • Trochanter • Tubercle • Tuberosity • Condyle • Crest • Epicondyle • Facet • Fissure • Fontanel • Foramen • Fossa • Head • Linea

  6. Skull • Cranial bones • Facial bones

  7. Cranial Bones

  8. Cranial Bones • Frontal bone • Parietal Bone • Temporal Bones • Occipital Bone • Sphenoid Bone • Ethmoid Bone

  9. Cranial Bones • Frontal Bone • Forehead • Bone under eyebrows • Superior portion of eye orbits • Parietal Bones • Most superior and lateral walls of cranium • Sagittal suture at midline • Coronal suture where they meet the frontal bone

  10. Cranial Bones • Temporal Bones: inferior to the parietal bones • Joined at squamous sutures • External acoustic meatus • Styloid process • Zygomatic process • Mastoid process • Jugular foramen • Internal acoustic meatus • Carotid

  11. Cranial Bones • Occipital Bone • Joined to parietal bones anteriorly by the lambdoid suture • Foramen magnum • Surrounds lower part or brain, allows spinal cord to connect to brain • Occipital condyles

  12. Cranial Bones • Sphenoid Bone • Spans width of the skull • Forms floor of cranial cavity • Stella turcica • Foramen ovale • Optic canal • Superior orbital fissure • Sphenoid sinuses

  13. Cranial Bones • Ethmoid Bones • Anterior to sphenoid bone • Forms roof of nasal cavity • Cristagalli • Cribriform plates • Superior and middle nasal conchae

  14. Cranial Bones Link • http://www.getbodysmart.com/ap/skeletalsystem/skeleton/axial/skull/quizzes/menu/menu.html

  15. Facial Bones

  16. Facial Bones • Maxillae • Palantine Bones • Zygomatic Bones • Lacrimal Bones • Nasal Bones • Vomer Bone • Inferior Nasal Conchae • Mandible

  17. Facial Bones • Maxillae (maxillary bones) • Upper jaw • Keystone bones – all other bones join with the maxillae bones • Upper teeth in alveolar margin • Palantine processes – anterior portion of hard palate • Paranasal sinuses • Palantine Bones: form posterior portion of hard palate • Failure to develop forms a cleft palate

  18. Facial Bones • Zygomatic Bones • Cheek bones • Eye sockets • Lacrimal Bones • Medial portion of each eye socket • Groove to serve as passage way for tears • Nasal bones • Small bones forming bridge of the nose

  19. Facial Bones • Vomer Bone • Nasal septum • Inferior Nasal Conchae • Thin, curved bones from the lateral walls of the nasal cavity • Mandible • Lower jaw • Body • Rami • Lower teeth in alveoli (alveolar margin)

  20. Hyoid Bone • Only bone of the body that does not directly articulate with another bone • Suspended in neck approximately 2cm above the larynx • Movement of tongue • Attachment for neck muscles

  21. Skull Development • Use your books and computers to summarize the development of the skull. Focus in fetal development through adolescence. • Bullet points or paragraph • Be prepared to present all or a portion to the class.

  22. Vertebral Column • Regions: • Cervical • Thoracic • Lumbar • Sacral • Shapes vary • Intervertebral discs • Separate and cushion vertebrae

  23. Vertebral Column Terminology • Transverse processes • Spinous processes • Superior and inferior articular processes • Body / centrum • Vertebral arch • Vertebral foramen

  24. Cervical Vertebrae • C1 – C7 • Neck region of spine • First two vertebrae: atlas and axis

  25. Cervical Vertebrae • Smallest vertebrae • Transverse process contains foramina for the vertebral arteries to pass through

  26. Thoracic Vertebrae • T1 – T12 • Larger than cervical vertebrae • Connect with ribs

  27. Lumbar Vertebrae • L1 – L5 • Sturdiest vertebrae • Massive bodies, short spinous processes

  28. Sacrum • Fusion of 5 vertebrae • Superiorly connects with L5 • inferiorly connects with coccyx • Alae: articulate with hips • Median sacral crest • Posterior sacral foramina • Sacral canal • Sacral haitus

  29. Coccyx • Fusion of three irregularly shaped vertebrae • “tailbone”

  30. Parts of Vertebrae • http://www.purposegames.com/game/fb1ba7f9d8

  31. Identify the pictures using your notes. • Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, axis, atlas

  32. Thoracic Cage • Ribs (12) • True ribs, false ribs, floating ribs • Sternum • Manubrium • Body • Xyphoid process • Cartilage

  33. Pectoral Girdle • 2 clavicles • 2 scapulae (scapula)

  34. Upper Limb • Humerus • Radius • Ulna • Hand • Carpals • Metacarpals • Phalanges

  35. Pelvic Girdle • Hip bones • Ilium • Ischium • Pubis • Male pelvis is more slender than the female pelvis • Female ilium is wider

  36. Lower Limb • Femur • Patella • Tibia • Fibula • Foot: • Tarsals • Metatarsals • Phalanges

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