1. I M P ERIALISM

2. Imperialism Chapter 27

3. NEW IMPERIALISM As opposed to Old Imperialism

4. Old Imperialism • Occurred between 16th and 18th centuries • Usually did not acquire territory (some exceptions) • Cooperated with local officials • Colonies mainly ‘trading stations’

5. New Imperialism • Intense scramble for overseas territory • Exploitation: materials needed to fuel the 2nd Industrial Revolution and the new consumerism • Advocated direct control of colonies • Racism / Social Darwinism / Nationalism

6. Types of Colonies • Colony • Direct Rule • Protectorate • Puppet government • Sphere of Influence • Exclusive trading rights

7. Pressures for Expansion • Political Rivalries (colony = prestige: tied with nationalism) • New Markets (ex: coal for RR) • New Opportunities • Civilizing Mission (Social Darwinism)

8. “The path of progress is strewn with the wrecks of nations; traces are everywhere to be seen of the [slaughtered remains] of inferior races… Yet these dead people are, in very truth, the stepping stones on which mankind has risen to the higher intellectual and deeper emotional life of today.” - Karl Pearson (British prof)

9. “To the development of the White Man, the Black Man and the Yellow must ever remain inferior, and as the former raised itself higher and yet higher, so did these latter seem to shrink out of humanity and appear nearer and nearer to the brutes.” - An Englishman

10. Labor • Labor was forced • Chief supply quota of laborers • Taxes payable in money form – forced natives to work

11. Friction and Rivalry • Smaller countries (Italy, Portugal) got a lot of land to prevent major powers from getting too much • Nations dreamed of colonies from sea to sea • Dream of colonies and scramble to acquire caused many frictions

12. Partitionof Africa

13. The Dark Continent Little known about inner Africa Only coastland known (Ivory, gold, Slave)

14. Opening of Africa • Livingston lived as missionary • Europeans thought he was lost and sent people to find him • Stanley found him • After Livingston died, Stanley asked Belgium king for money to develop the Congo

15. Conference of Berlin:1885Not Congress of Berlin! • Raised Africa question • Established Congo Association • Congo later fell into debt and was inherited by Belgium • Conference said territory should be occupied • Euro sent troops and people to occupy

17. Partition of Africa • North Africa • French dominated Algiers • Britain Dominated Egypt • Italy dominated Libya (Tripoli) • Fashoda Crisis

18. Sub-Saharan Africa • Portugal • Low Countries • French • Britain • German • Moroccan Crisis 1 and 2

19. South Africa • Britain • Germany • Boer War

20. Americas • USA • Monroe Doctrine & Roosevelt Corollary

21. Asian Imperialism

22. China • Britain • USA • Germany • Japan • Russia • France

23. Opium Wars (1839-1860) • 1st Opium War (1839-1841) • China stop Opium trade • Britain sent Navy • Treaty of Nanking (1842) • 2nd Opium War • China not cooperative enough • China beaten again • More unfavorable terms

24. Taiping Rebellion(1850-1864) • Differing Chinese factions • Rebels hated cooperation with West • As many as 20 million died throughout this horrific event • With help of British military, rebels defeated (took 14 years)

25. Sino-Japanese War • 1894-1895 Japan defeated China • Showed weakness of China • Triggered rush for Chinese territory • Open Door Policy sponsored by the USA • Urged free trade with China • Respect territorial integrity

26. Boxer Rebellion 1900 • Patriotic Chinese uprising • Anti-Western rebels • Put down by imperial powers • Manchu dynasty weakened and about to fall • Struggle over Chinese rule: Sun yat-sen fought for Republican government (was sympathetic toward socialism) • Later civil war broke out… communism began in 1949 under Chairman Mao

27. Japan • Commodore Perry (USA) forced Japan to open to trade in 1853 • Meiji Restoration in 1860’s ‘Westernized’ • Japan became the only non-Western power to ultimately resist complete foreign domination

28. Russo-Japanese War1904-1905 • Russia sought domination over Japan • Russia already taken Koreas • Japan defeated Russian navy: stopped invasion • Russia humiliated!!! (Remember Social Darwinism, nationalism, and the racism attached?)

29. Egypt • British domination of Egypt became the ‘model’ for New Imperialism • Egypt was ‘protectorate’ of Britain from 1883-1956 • Egypt unable to satisfy foreign investors, thus Britain (and some France) controlled finances • Safeguarding Suez Canal (finished 1869) became British priority

30. India • Jewel of the British Empire • British East India company took over last kingdom in 1848 • SEPOY Mutiny 1857-1858 • Hindu & Muslim insurrection • British quelled unrest • Britain directly ruled India after this