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Macromolecules

Macromolecules. Carbon. Carbon is a component of almost all biological macromolecules. Carbon has four valence electrons and thus, four spaces to create covalent bonds 8 (for the octet rule)-4 valence electrons=4 spaces for bonding. Organic compounds are compounds containing carbon.

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Macromolecules

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  1. Macromolecules

  2. Carbon • Carbon is a component of almost all biological macromolecules. • Carbon has four valence electrons and thus, four spaces to create covalent bonds • 8 (for the octet rule)-4 valence electrons=4 spaces for bonding. • Organic compounds are compounds containing carbon.

  3. Macromolecules • Carbon atoms are joined together to form macromolecules. • Macromolecules: large organic molecules formed by joining smaller organic molecules together • Also called polymers: molecules made from repeating units of “monomers” linked together. Monomers are small subunits of macromolecules. Think of them as the building blocks of polymers.

  4. Carbohydrates • Elements present: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen • Ratio of elements: 1 oxygen and 2 hydrogen for ever 1 carbon. • Used for: energy storage and structural support • Monomer: Monosaccharaides, sugars 3-7 (CH2O) molecules in a chain. • Ex. Glucose

  5. Carbohydrates Cont. • Two monosaccharides joined together form a disaccharide, such as sucrose. • Longer carbohydrate molecules are called polysaccharides, like glycogen.

  6. Lipids • A group of chemicals that includes fats, oils, waxes, phospholipids, steroids, and sterols (steroid + alcohols). • Elements present: Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen and phosphorus • Monomer: no real monomer per se, as there are no repeating units. However lipids are made up of fatty acids. • Purpose: Store large amounts of energy long term; form boundaries around cells

  7. Lipid Chemical Structure • Amphipathic: two parts(one end polar, the other not) • Hydrophillic (water loving/polar) acid head • Hydrophobic (water fearing/non-polar) hydrocarbon tail

  8. Lipids • Saturated Fats • Lipids with only single bonds between carbon atoms. • No more hydrogen can bond to the tail • Unsaturated Fats • Lipids with at least one carbon to carbon double bond. • Can accommodate more hydrogen.

  9. Proteins • Elements present: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur • Uses: structural components of animals, control molecules (enzymes), transport and messenger molecules • Monomer: amino acids

  10. Protein Function • Function: • many, many functions • hormones • signals from one body system to another • insulin • movement • muscle • immune system • protect against germs • enzymes • help chemical reactions

  11. Amino Acids • Amino acids: protein monomer • Consists of: carboxyl group, amine/amino group, central carbon and a variable side chain (sometimes represented as R)

  12. amino acid amino acid amino acid amino acid amino acid Amino Acids • Amino acids chain together into polymers. • Some are hydrophobic • Some are hydrophilic

  13. Examples

  14. Shape Matters • Hydrophilic proteins are attracted to water in the cell and fold out, hydrophobic molecules fold away from water

  15. Shape Cont. • As a result of this and also hydrogen bonds between each other, proteins fold. • Shape of a protein determines its job pepsin hemoglobin

  16. Nucleic Acids • Large complex molecules that contain hereditary or inherited information. • Elements present: Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen and phosphorus • Uses: Carry hereditary information; used to make proteins • Monomer: nucleotides

  17. Nucleic Acids Cont. • Nucleotides • Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, and Thymine in DNA • In RNA, Thymine is replaced by Uracil

  18. Structure • Sugar-Phosphate back bone

  19. DNA v. RNA • DNA: double helix • RNA: Single strand

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