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Journal

Journal. What is your most & least powerful senses? (10 sentences). Sensation & Perception. Chapter 8. Sensation. Sect. 1 p. 207-213. Sensation. A SENSATION occurs when a stimulus activates a receptor A STIMULUS is a change in the environment an organism responds to

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Journal

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  1. Journal • What is your most & least powerful senses? (10 sentences)

  2. Sensation & Perception Chapter 8

  3. Sensation Sect. 1 p. 207-213

  4. Sensation • A SENSATION occurs when a stimulus activates a receptor • A STIMULUS is a change in the environment an organism responds to • Sense organs detect stimuli • Eyes, ears, tongue, nose, skin • Sensory information also tells the location on the body

  5. Perception • PERCEPTION: organization of sensory information into a meaningful experience • Uses past experiences and various sensations • PSYCHOPHYSICS: looks to understand how stimuli affect sensory experiences • Much of the world is undetectable to our human senses

  6. Understanding Stimuli Limits • What is needed for a stimulus to trigger a response from the human body? • ABSOLUTE THRESHOLD: weakest amount of a stimulus needed to create a sensation • Vision: seeing a candle flame 30 miles away • Hearing: hear a watch tick 20 feet away • Taste: 1 tsp of sugar in 2 gallons of water • Smell: 1 drop of perfume in a 3 room house • Touch: feel a bee’s wing fall 1 cm onto your cheek

  7. Differences in Stimuli • DIFFERENCE THRESHOLD: smallest change in a physical stimulus that can be detected • Eye exams, INTENSITY of stimuli • Just Noticeable Difference: smallest increase/decrease in the intensity of a stimulus • Depends on the changes in the stimulus

  8. Weber’s Law • **Larger/stronger the stimulus, the larger the change is needed for a person to notice any difference • Those who are able to tell subtle differences in stimuli are used as tasters, testers, experts

  9. Sensory Adaptation • Senses most responsive to increases and decreases • Able to detect changes in environment instead of an ongoing, constant stimulus • Without sensory adaptation, senses would be bombarded all the time • These changes in stimuli allow us to react properly • Example: if you spend time in 0* temperatures, you will start to think that 10* is warm

  10. Sensory Deprivation • Occurs when you LOSE or UNABLE to use one of your senses • When would be times that sensory deprivation occurs?

  11. Journal • What super power do you want? (10 sent)

  12. Signal Detection Theory • Studies relation between motivation, sensitivity, and decision making in detecting the presence (or absence) of stimuli • Recognize a stimulus (signal) against competing stimuli • Tosses out idea of absolute thresholds • Preattentive process • Extract information AUTOMATICALLY • Attentive process • Considers only one part of a stimulus at a time

  13. Stroop Interference

  14. The Senses Section 8.2 p. 214-222

  15. The Light Spectrum

  16. Vision (p. 215-218) • Most studied of all senses • Steps to vision: • Light enters through the PUPIL (regulates amt of light) • Light reaches LENS (flexible structure that focuses light onto the RETINA • Light hits RODS & CONES (light receptive photoreceptors, change light into neuronal impulses) • Impulse travels along OPTIC NERVE where the signal is received at the occipital lobe

  17. The Human Eye

  18. Rods and Cones (functions) • Rods • Sensitive at lower levels of light • Useful for night-vision • More numerous than cones (~75-150 million) • Cones • Better for daylight use (need more light to respond) • ~6-7 million Cones • Sensitive to COLOR

  19. Rods & Cones

  20. The Blind Spot • Where the optic nerve exits the eye • No photoreceptors to process the image into an impulse to be sent to the brain

  21. Binocular Vision • Combining two images into a single image • Retinal Disparity • Difference in the image seen from each eye • Necessary for depth perception • Large difference between what each eye sees means the object is near

  22. Just because you do not want to learn does not mean you can be rude and disrespectful for those that want to pay attention or to me. • Feel free to waste your own time, but make sure it only affects you. You want an “easy semester” but are currently pissing me off. • Journal 5: Why do “people” feel entitled to get what they want when their actions are deserving of the opposite treatment? (10 sent) • Bring your books this week. You will be teaching the class. (graded assignment)

  23. Nearsighted and Farsighted • Nearsighted • Eyeball is a little longer • Focusing point is slightly in front of the retina • Able to see close items, distant objects are blurry • Farsighted • Eyeball is too short • Objects are focused slightly behind the retina • Close items are blurry, distant objects are sharp

  24. Eye Disorders • Macular degeneration • Most common in older adults • Retina becomes detached • Difficult to read, recognize faces • Glaucoma • Comes from increased fluid pressure in the eye • Pressure causes damage to the optic nerve • Can cause blindness if untreated

  25. Color Deficiency • Improper functioning of cones • Able to see SOME colors • Typically inherited trait from the mother’s side • Most common is red/green deficiency • Less common is yellow/blue

  26. LASIK Surgery • Create a flap in the cornea • Use a laser to re-shape the tissue of the cornea • Replace flap; naturally heals

  27. Journal of the Day • What songs or sounds “pump you up” or get you energetic? Why do you think these sounds have an affect on you? (10 sent)

  28. Hearing & touch p. 218-219, 221-222

  29. You Can’t Have Sound Without Vibration • Loudness measured in DECIBELS (dB) by amplitude (height) of sound wave • Range: 0-140 • PITCH: frequency/rate of vibration • Low frequency= bass • High frequency= squeaks • Limit: 85 db for 8 hrs. • Each increase in 10 dB makes sound 10 times louder

  30. Process of Hearing • A)Outer ear receives sound waves, B)sends the sound to the auditory canal, C)causing eardrum to vibrate • Bones of the middle ear (hammer, anvil, stirrup) vibrate and push against the COCHLEA (where sound waves are translated into nerve impulses) • Pressure against the cochlea causes liquid inside the cochlea to move, causing small hairs to pick up the motion • Tiny hairs are attached to sensory cells which turn the vibration into neuronal impulses (signals) • Auditory nerve carries impulse to brain

  31. Parts of the Ear

  32. Signs of Hearing Loss • Tinnitus: Ringing, buzzing, hissing in the ear • Muffled hearing • Fluid leaking from the ear • Watching/listening to TV/music at a higher volume than once used to • Pain, itching, irritation in the ear • Difficulty distinguishing what people are saying

  33. Hearing Problems • Conduction deafness • Physical movement of outer ear or middle ear bones are unable to carry sounds further into the ear • Typical hearing aids provide assistance • Sensorineural deafness • Damage to the cochlea, hair cells, or auditory neurons • Aided by a surgically implanted cochlear implant • 1 in 5 teenagers have some sort of hearing loss

  34. Cochlear Implant

  35. Touch • Skin is the largest organ of the body • Receptors tells the brain about the environment • Mechanoreceptors: Relate to PRESSURE • Thermoreceptors: found most abundantly in face/ears • Warmth: after 113* F pain receptors take over • Cold: stop working once the skin temp hits 41* F • Nocireceptor: Pain • Sensations on the skin serve as an early detection and protection system against potential harm

  36. Pain (is Temporary) • Pain can be the result from numerous stimuli • Can affect a number of sense organs • Localized pain • Sharp, occurs immediately as injury happens • General pain • Throbbing, dull pain occurs after the injury happens • Gate Control Theory • Lesson pain by shifting attention away from pain impulse or send other signals to compete with impulse

  37. Journal Question • Draw an awesome picture

  38. Smell, taste, & other senses p. 220-221

  39. Smell • One of the chemical senses • Smell molecules reach a membrane where the smell receptors are located • Receptors send message through the olfactory nerve to the brain

  40. Parts of the Nose

  41. Taste • Second chemical sense • Uses liquid chemicals to stimulate taste buds • Also sends information about texture and temperature • Taste made up of: • Sour • Salty • Bitter • Sweet • Savory/Umami • Flavor made up of smell, taste, and tactile (pressure) sensations • As you get older, sense of taste doesn’t change, but rather sense of smell deteriorates • “Supertasters” have twice as many taste buds as normal individuals • Taste and smell are more “pleasure” senses than vital senses in humans

  42. Taste buds on the Tongue

  43. Vestibular System • Regulates the body’s sense of balance • Located within the inner ear (the three semicircular canals) • Elicits a response by spinning, falling, and tilting the body or head

  44. Kinesthesis • Sense of movement and body position • Works in conjunction with vestibular and visual senses • Maintain balance and posture • Uses receptors in muscles, tendons, and joints to make smooth, coordinated movements

  45. Journal of the Day • If a tree falls in the woods and no one is around to hear it, does it make a sound? • No Need to Write this Down, Discussion Only • Quiz next class.

  46. Perception Section 3, p. 223-231

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