A Journey into Middle Eastern Literature

1. A Journey into Middle Eastern Literature

2. THE EPIC OF GILGAMESH WHAT? • Tale of the superhuman Sumerian king, Gilgamesh • Painful search for everlasting life WHEN? • Written over 4,000 years ago; considered the oldest known piece of literature • Discovered in 1839 by archaeologists WHERE? • Ancient Mesopotamia (“Between two rivers” - Tigris and the Euphrates) - current day Iraq • Versions are found all over the Middle East HOW? • Inscribed in clay, which made the text durable • 12 tablets (1-11: Gilgamesh’s life; 12: Gilgamesh in the nether world) • Many exact copies were made; accuracy was critical

3. THE EPIC OF GILGAMESHBackground Information Gilgamesh • May be a “true” story - a King Gilgamesh is found in the ancient Sumerian records • Two parts god, One part human  Supernatural power, Human weaknesses • Leader of the Sumerian people and builder of a great city • Suffers from excessive PRIDE (what the Greeks would later call “hubris”) Can you think of other (heroic) figures who are similar to Gilgamesh? Greek Myth: Hercules Shakespeare’s MacBeth Politics: Bill Clinton Sumerian Ram Offering Statue

4. THE EPIC OF GILGAMESHBackground Information Tablets 1 and 2: Gilgamesh and the Coming of Enkidu • The epic opens with a description of Gilgamesh, as the ruler of the city-state of Uruk • Gilgamesh is described as “handsome, courageous, and powerful.” • In his arrogance, he oversteps the boundaries of his power  people pray to the gods for relief • Gods send a wild man, Enkidu, to challenge Gilgamesh to a fierce wrestling match  Gilgamesh wins • A friendship blossoms between Gilgamesh and Enkidu Tablets 3 to 5: The Raid into the Lands of Humbaba • Gilgamesh and Enkidu destroy Humbaba, the demon who guards the great Cedar Forest Tablet 6: The Bull of Heaven • Gilgamesh and Enkidu make the mistake of criticizing the goddess Ishtar • Gilgamesh rejects Ishtar’s romantic advances and sends the Bull of Heaven to destroy the land • Gilgamesh and Enkidu kill the bull.

5. THE EPIC OF GILGAMESHBackground Information Tablets 7 and 8: The Death of Enkidu • The gods cannot tolerate the disrespect of Gilgamesh and Enkidu and try to kill Gilgamesh • However, Gilgamesh is protected by Utu (another god) • The gods decide that Enkidu must die in his place • Gilgamesh cannot deal with the mortality of the human race Tablets 9 and 10: The Search for Immortality • Gilgamesh journeys to find everlasting life in the Garden of Dilmun and tells an old, wise man, Utnapishtim, about his quest. • Utnapishtim’s reply is not what Gilgamesh wanted: “There is no permanence. Do we build a house to stand forever, do we seal a contract to hold for all time? Do brothers divide an inheritance to keep forever, does the flood time of rivers endure? From the days of old there is no permanence. The sleeping and the dead, how alike they are, they are like painted death. What is there between master and servant when both have fulfilled their doom? When the gods created man, they allotted to him death, but life they retained in their own keeping.” Does Upnapishtim’s reply remind you of anything?

6. THE EPIC OF GILGAMESHBackground Information Ancient Sumerian and Babylonian Beliefs Although Sumerian and Babylonian civilizations were advanced for their time, the people were powerless against ever-present threats of devastating floods, severe droughts, and belligerent neighbors who sought “the good life” in the Tigris and Euphrates valley. The religious beliefs of the Sumerian and Babylonian people were, therefore, pessimistic. They worshipped a pantheon, or family, of unpredictable gods and goddesses who could bring about misfortune as well as favor. Regardless of one’s status or how one lived one’s life, there was no joyful afterlife to which to look forward. Such beliefs are present in The Epic of Gilgamesh. Gilgamesh, in spite of his great powers, suffers a life-changing loss when Enkidu dies. When the person closest to him dies, the proud Gilgamesh must come to terms with the reality that he, too, will not live forever. And because, in the Sumerian view, death offers only emptiness, Gilgamesh rebels against it, and sets off on a quest to attain immortality.

7. THE EPIC OF GILGAMESHSIGNIFICANCE Why is Gilgamesh’s story important to us? • IMPORTANT CONCEPTS/IDEAS EXPLORED Quest for Knowledge and Truth Friendship Life and Death Birth and Renewal (The Flood) Man V. Fate • LITERARY SIGNIFICANCE EPIC Definition: a long narrative that recounts the deeds of a larger-than-life hero who embodies the values of a particular society EPIC HERO Definition: Superior human beings with supernatural strength or spiritual powers; usually mighty leaders of their people; of mixed divine and human birth, so we admire their greatness but sympathize with their failings Gilgamesh is the earliest known epic hero Archetype for future epic heroes, including Homer’s Odysseus

8. THE EPIC OF GILGAMESH Cuneiform Though the tales of Gilgamesh were originally shared through oral communication, the epic was eventually written down using cuneiform. • first form of writing ever developed • consisted of wedge-shaped characters that were created using a reed stylus • characters could represent either words or sounds and were usually carved into clay that was later baked http://www.upenn.edu/museum/Games/cuneiform.html

9. Pictograms, or drawings representing actual things, were the basis for cuneiform writing. As shown in the chart, early pictograms resembled the objects they represented, but through repeated use over time they began to look simpler, even abstract. These marks eventually became wedge-shaped ("cuneiform"), and could convey sounds or abstract concepts.

10. THE EPIC OF GILGAMESH YOUR TASK Translate the excerpt from the book into a cuneiform cartoon strip: • Decide which of your section's elements (places, people, gods, events, etc.) you would like to create cuneiform characters for, and think of possible designs for the characters. (Your alphabet should consist of no more than 8 - 12 characters). • On a sheet of paper, tell your story by ordering your characters from left to right, so that each meaning logically follows the previous one according to the story's progression. It may resemble a cartoon or comic strip. • At the top or bottom of the page, provide a key that shows each character and its meaning.