John F. Kennedy (D)

1. John F. Kennedy (D)

2. THE 60'S

3. John F. Kennedy (D) GOPs nominated RichardNixonfor president and Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr. for vice president in the election of 1960.  Democrats nominated John Kennedyto run for president and LyndonJohnsonfor vice president. JFK's Catholicismaroused misgivings in the Protestant, Bible Belt South.  Kennedy charged that the Soviets, with their nuclear bombs and Sputniks, had gained on America in prestige and power.  Nixon was forced to defend the dying Eisenhower administration and claim that America's prestige had not slipped. TV played a key role in the presidential election as Kennedy's personal appeal attracted many voters. (Ex: Kennedy-Nixon debate).

4. John F. Kennedy (D) The first televised presidential debates in US History took place between John Kennedy and Richard Nixon These debates impacted how the presidency would be perceived by Americans.

5. John F. Kennedy (D) FORIEGN POLICY

6. John F. Kennedy (D) • CIA operation to overthrow Fidel Castro’s dictatorship • U.S. feared Castro was becoming an ally with the Soviet Union. • Failed invasion of Cuba in April of 1961. • Embarrassment for President Kennedy because the U.S. tried to cover up their involvement. Bay of Pigs 1961

7. John F. Kennedy (D) CUBAN MISSLE CRISIS OCT 1962 Major countries and leaders involvedUS: President KennedyCubaFidel Castro USSRNiktaKhrushchev

8. CUBAN MISSLE CRISIS cuban missile2 • This U-2 reconnaissance photo showed concrete evidence of missile assembly in Cuba. Shown here are missile transporters and missile-ready tents where fueling and maintenance took place.Courtesy of CIA

9. The crisis developed as the U.S. demanded the Soviets to dismantle missiles in Cuba or the U.S. would invade Cuba.

10. Soviets refused to dismantle missile sites unless U.S. dismantled missile sites in Turkey.

11. cuban missile2 • U.S. and Soviets prepared for war…..U.S. placed a blockade around Cuba and warned Soviets not to break through the blockade. The Soviets sent their Naval fleet to protect Cuba.

12. cuban missile2 • Last minute decision made: Soviets would dismantle missile sites in Cuba in return for U.S.not invading Cuba. • U.S. would later dismantle missile sites in Turkey…..Not part of original deal.

13. Kennedy and Khruschev both realized how close they came to nuclear war. • The “monster” of nuclear war must never be released. • Both leaders vowed to better communicate with one another. • US and Soviet Union would sign their first nuclear arms limitation treaty in 1963.

14. John F. Kennedy (D) 1961 – Soviets begin constructing Berlin Wall

15. John F. Kennedy (D) CRISIS OVER BERLIN In 1961, Berlin, Germany was a city in great turmoil In the 11 years since the Berlin Airlift, almost 3 million East Germans (Soviet side) had fled into West Berlin (U.S. controlled) to flee communist rule

16. John F. Kennedy (D) The Soviets did not like the fact that East Berliners were fleeing their city for the democratic west Their departure hurt the economy and the prestige of the USSR Just after midnight on August 13, 1961 the Soviets began construction of a 90-mile wall separating East and West Berlin Both Khrushchev and Kennedy began searching for ways to ease the enormous tension between the two superpowers In 1963 they established a hot line between the White House and the Kremlin Later that year, the superpowers signed a Limited Test Ban Treaty that served to ban nuclear testing in the atmosphere

17. John F. Kennedy (D) DOMESTIC POLICY

18. John F. Kennedy (D) • Kennedy initiated his vision in a program he called “The New Frontier” • The economy, education, medical care for the elderly and the poor, and space exploration were all part of his vision

19. John F. Kennedy (D) THE PEACE CORPS • One of the first programs launched by JFK was the Peace Corps • The Peace Corps is a volunteer program to assist developing nations in Asia, Africa and Latin America • The Peace Corps has become a huge success

20. John F. Kennedy (D) RACE TO THE MOON On April 12, 1961, Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin became the first human in space Meanwhile, America’s space agency (NASA) began construction on new launch facilities in Cape Canaveral, Florida and a mission control center in Houston, Texas Finally, on July 20, 1969, the U.S. would achieve its goal An excited nation watched as U.S. astronaut Neil Armstrong took the first steps on the moon Space and defense-related industries sprang up in Southern and Western states

21. John F. Kennedy (D) KENNEDY ADDRESSES INNER CITY BLIGHT AND RACISM • In 1963, Kennedy called for “a national assault on the causes of poverty” • He also ordered his brother, Attorney General Robert Kennedy to investigate racial injustice in the South • Finally, he presented Congress with a sweeping civil rights bill and a sweeping tax cut bill to spur the economy

22. John F. Kennedy (D) The Civil Rights Movement-History JIM CROW LAWS Poll Taxes: Before you could vote, you had to pay taxes to vote. Most poor Blacks could not pay the tax so they didn’t vote. Literacy Test: You had to prove you could read and write before you could vote…. Once again, most poor Blacks were not literate. Grandfather clause: If your grandfather voted in the 1864 election than you could vote…..Most Blacks did not vote in 1864, so you couldn’t vote…. Civil Rights Act of 1875 Crime for any individual to deny full equal use of public facilities and public places. Prohibited discrimination in jury selection. Shortcoming  lacked a strong enforcement mechanism. No new civil rights act was attempted for 90 years!

23. John F. Kennedy (D) • Plessy vs. Ferguson, 1896 • Supreme Court legalized segregation throughout the nation. • “Separate but Equal”as long as public facilities were equal • Problem:Black facilities never equal to White facilities

24. Early Civil Rights Legislation • After WWII, Civil Rights movement began to gain momentum • 1954, Rosa Parks and the Montgomery Bus Strike • 1954, Plessy vs. Ferguson is overturned by Supreme Court with Brown vs. Board of Education Topeka, Kansas case. • Martin Luther King, Jr., became the Civil Rights leader. • 1958, Little Rock Nine entered Central High School

25. LITTLE ROCK NINE little rock • Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas was the first high school in the South to integrate. • 1958, President Eisenhower sent Federal troops to accompany the nine black students attending an all white high school...

26. Early Civil Rights Legislation • President Eisenhower signed into law the following Civil Rights laws. • Created the United States Civil Rights Commission • Investigated and reported voter discrimination Civil Rights Act of 1957 • Gave the Attorney General the power to require federal courts to issue orders to prevent any interference with a person’s right to vote Civil Rights Act of 1960 • Created federal voting referees who helped correct conditions to prevent voter discrimination

27. CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT Members of the Civil Rights Movement used a variety of methods to get results. These included practicing non-violence and passive resistance (sit-ins, boycotts, freedom rides, etc.) as encouraged by Dr. King.

28. CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT • 1960, Greensboro, NC sit in at a Woolworth’s lunch counter • Blacks were not allowed to sit at the counter because of Jim Crow laws.

29. Kennedy on Civil Rights JFK meeting with African American leaders.

30. Letter From a Birmingham Jail • King, wrote the letter after being arrested at a peaceful protest in Birmingham, Alabama. • The letter was in response to a letter sent to him by eight Alabama Clergymen called, “A Call For Unity.” • The men recognized that injustices were occurring in Birmingham but believed that the battles for freedom should be fought in the courtroom in not in the streets. • In the letter, “Letter from Birmingham Jail,” King justified civil disobedience by saying that without forceful action, true civil rights would never be achieved. Direct action is justified in the face of unjust laws.

31. CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT • August of 1963, Civil Rights March on Washington, Martin Luther King gives his“I Have a Dream Speech”. • Considered to be one of the best speeches in American History. civil rights

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33. CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT FREEDOM SUMMERS AND RIDERS During the summers of 1961 to 1964, groups of Civil Rights activists boarded buses bound for the South to register African Americans to vote.

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35. John F. Kennedy (D) 1963 – JFK is shot and killed in Dallas, TX Lee Harvey Oswald killed JFK……..Oswald was murdered by Jack Ruby two days after JFK’s murder…..

36. John F. Kennedy (D) A Nation Mourns VP Johnson takes oath of office on AF One

37. John F. Kennedy (D) • Democrat Alabama Governor George Wallace blocked the way for two African Americans to register for college. • President Kennedy appeared on national TV to announce his civil rights bill. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 ”…segregation now, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever…” - Governor George Wallace

38. Lyndon B. Johnson (D)

39. LYNDON BAINES JOHNSON LBJ is re-elected by a landslide in the 1964 Presidential election. Barry Goldwater: Conservative, Arizona Goldwater rejected the legacy of the New Deal and fought through the conservative coalition against the New Deal coalition. Led to conservative movement of 1980s.

40. Lyndon B. Johnson (D) DOMESTIC POLICY

41. Lyndon B. Johnson (D) • March from Selma, Alabama to Montgomery, Alabama to register to vote….. • Two marches: • March 3, 1965, 1st march was unsuccessful. March 15, 1965, President Johnson introduced the Voting Rights Act.

42. Lyndon B. Johnson (D) March 21, 1965, MLK led a 2nd march from Selma to Montgomery. President Johnson sent in the National Guard to protect marchers. Successful in registering 3200 African Americans. August 1965, President Johnson signed into law the Voting Rights Act.

43. Lyndon B. Johnson (D) Civil Rights WorkersAndrew GoodmanJames ChaneyMichael Schwerner DefendantsCecil Price     Lawrence Rainey     Wayne Roberts    Edgar Ray Killen     Sam Bowers  FBI INVESTIGATORSJoseph Sullivan  John Proctor

44. African-American Civil Rights Law Civil RightsAct of 1964 24thAmendment(1964) Banned the poll tax. Voting Rights Act of 1965 Banned literacy tests in counties where over half of eligible voters had been disenfranchised. Lyndon B. Johnson (D) power to stop racial segregation in public places and schools and to require employers to end discrimination in the workplace. • President Johnson meeting MLK discussing Civil Rights. • President Johnson’s support of Civil Rights was continuation of President Kennedy’s stand on Civil Rights.

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46. CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT • Race riotsbroke out in many American cities between 1965 and 1968. • A race riot in Watts, a neighborhood in Los Angeles, lasted six days. • The worst of the riots occurred in Detroit when the United States Army was forced to send in tanks and soldiers with machine guns to gain control.

47. CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT • Liberation and segregation of Black people not integration was Malcolm X's message. Believed MLK was moving too slow. • Malcolm X became a powerful force in the Nation of Islam movement. His fervor and charismatic personality helping to swell the ranks. • Conflict with Elijah Muhammad eventually followed and Malcolm X left the NOI after a pilgrimage to Mecca, where he saw "sincere and true brotherhood practiced by all colors together irrespective of their color." • Malcolm X was killed three months before his 40th birthday while giving a speech at the Audubon Ballroom in Harlem, NY on Feb. 21, 1965. Mexico City Olympics 1968

48. CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT = Civil Rights turns militant with the creation of the Black Panther Party in 1965…Below is their 10 Point Plan • WE WANT FREEDOM. WE WANT POWER TO DETERMINE THE DESTINY OF OUR BLACK AND OPPRESSED COMMUNITIES. • WE WANT FULL EMPLOYMENT FOR OUR PEOPLE. • WE WANT AN END TO THE ROBBERY BY THE CAPITALISTS OF OUR BLACK AND OPPRESSED COMMUNITIES. • WE WANT DECENT HOUSING, FIT FOR THE SHELTER OF HUMAN BEINGS. • WE WANT DECENT EDUCATION FOR OUR PEOPLE THAT EXPOSES THE TRUE NATURE OF THIS DECADENT AMERICAN SOCIETY. WE WANT EDUCATION THAT TEACHES US OUR TRUE HISTORY AND OUR ROLE IN THE PRESENT-DAY SOCIETY.

49. CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT • WE WANT COMPLETELY FREE HEALTH CARE FOR All BLACK AND OPPRESSED PEOPLE. • WE WANT AN IMMEDIATE END TO POLICE BRUTALITY AND MURDER OF BLACK PEOPLE, OTHER PEOPLE OF COLOR, All OPPRESSED PEOPLE INSIDE THE UNITED STATES. • WE WANT AN IMMEDIATE END TO ALL WARS OF AGGRESSION. • WE WANT FREEDOM FOR ALL BLACK AND OPPRESSED PEOPLE NOW HELD IN U. S. FEDERAL, STATE, COUNTY, CITY AND MILITARY PRISONS AND JAILS. WE WANT TRIALS BY A JURY OF PEERS FOR All PERSONS CHARGED WITH SO-CALLED CRIMES UNDER THE LAWS OF THIS COUNTRY. • 10. WE WANT LAND, BREAD, HOUSING, EDUCATION, CLOTHING, JUSTICE, PEACE AND PEOPLE'S COMMUNITY CONTROL OF MODERN TECHNOLOGY.

50. The Assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr. • By late 1960s – the civil rights movement had fragmentedinto many competing organizations. • Result: no new legislation for African Americans. • Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., was assassinatedby a sniper on April 4, 1968, creating national mourning as well as riots in more than 100 cities.