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Essential Amino Acid Metabolism: Pathways and Synthesis

Discover the intricate process of essential amino acid metabolism in mammalian cells, including synthesis pathways and coupling reactions for key amino acids. Learn how nonessential amino acids are formed through salvage pathways.

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Essential Amino Acid Metabolism: Pathways and Synthesis

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  1. Amino Acid Metabolism

  2. Essential Amino Acids Essential amino acids must be consumed in the diet. Mammalian cells lack enzymes to synthesize their carbon skeletons (a-keto acids). These include: Isoleucine, leucine, & valine Lysine Threonine Tryptophan Phenylalanine (Tyr can be made from Phe.) Methionine (Cys can be made from Met.) Histidine (Essential for infants.)

  3. Reductive amination catalyzed byglutamate dehydrogenase

  4. Glutamine synthesis is coupled to hydrolysis of ATP

  5. Pyruvate is an amphibolic intermediatein synthesis of alanine

  6. Asparagine synthesis is energetically favorable due to coupling to ATP hydrolysis

  7. Serine biosynthesis

  8. Multistep pathway for glycine biosynthesis

  9. Glycine is also synthesized from serine

  10. Proline biosynthesis

  11. Cysteine is not nutritionally essential, however it is derived from methionine

  12. Tyrosine is formedfrom phenylalanine

  13. Hydroxyproline is formed after protein synthesis

  14. Selenocysteine is synthesized from serine and selenophosphate

  15. Amino acids that are synthesized de novo in humans. All are related by a small number of steps to glycolysis or TCA cycle intermediates.

  16. Salvage pathways for formation of certain nonessential amino acids from other amino acids Amino Acid formed Precursor Amino Acid Arginine Proline Cysteine Methionine Tyrosine Phenylalanine

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