1. MOVEMENT

2. Geographers document from Where people migrate and to where they migrate. • Also study reasons why people migrate. • Most people migrate in search of three objectives: • Economic Opportunity • Cultural Freedom • Environmental Comfort Why Do People Migrate

3. Reasons for Migrating • Migration –the movement of people from one geographic area to another. • Emigration – from a location. • Immigration – to a location. • Push & Pull Factors – people decide to move based on these factors. • Most people migrate for economic reasons. • Voluntary vs. Forced migration—one is a choice and one is not a choice

5. Push Factor – induces people to move out of their present location. • Pull Factor – induces people to move into a new location.

6. Economic Push and Pull FactorsThe MOST common type of push and pull factors • Relative attractiveness of a region can shift with economic change. • PUSH—People often migrate because of the unavailability of jobs. • PULL—People often migrate because a place has more jobs available

7. Cultural Push and Pull Factors • Forced Migration – slavery and political instability. • 20th century – political instability resulting from cultural diversity. • refugees – people who have been forced to migrate from their home country and cannot return for fear of persecution. PUSH—War and Political Instability from cultural diversity PULL—People are often attracted to new places because of political stability and freedoms offered.

8. Environmental Push & Pull Factors • Push—factors of the physical environment that are unappealing such as a hazardous climate • Drought • Famine • Disease • Floodplain • Pull—factors of the physical environment that people find appealing • Physically attractive regions. • Mountains, seasides, warm climates. • Pushed from homes by adverse physical conditions. • water – poses the most common environmental threat.

9. Lets look at some specific examples • Answer these questions for each story on your own paper. Be sure to organize and title your papers. • 1) Who is migrating? • 2) What were the push factors that caused these groups to leave? Be specific. • 3) What were the pull factors that influenced where they went? Be specific. • 4) Was the migration voluntary or forced? Explain your answer.

10. Russian Jewish Immigration to the U.S. • Freedom to leave in the 1980s was the answer to a decades-old prayer for many Russian Jews. Their reasons: a political system that veered between repression and chaos, a pitiful economy, and the Russians’ simmering anti-Semitism. • Many Jewish immigrants landed in New York’s John F. Kennedy International Airport. If they followed the pattern of other Jewish immigrants, they settled in or near a city, probably in a neighborhood with a strong Jewish identity. Almost half a million other Jews settled in Israel—an exodus described as “one of the great peacetime migrations of this century.”

11. The Irish Potato Famine • The Great Famine or the Great Hunger, known more commonly outside of Ireland as the Irish Potato Famine, is the name given to a famine in Ireland between 1845 and 1849. The Famine was at least fifty years in the making, due to the disastrous interaction of British economic policy, destructive farming methods, and the unfortunate appearance of "the Blight" —the potato fungus that almost instantly destroyed the primary food source for the majority population. The immediate after-effects of The Famine continued until 1851. The number of deaths is unrecorded, and various estimates suggest totals between 500,000 and more than one million in the five years from 1846. Some two million refugees are attributed to the Great Hunger (estimates vary), and much the same number of people emigrated to Great Britain, the United States, Canada, and Australia • As a result of the famine, many Irish families were forced to emigrate from the country. By 1854, between 1.5 and 2 million Irish left their country. In the United States, most Irish became city-dwellers. With little money, many had to settle in the cities that the ships they came on landed in. By 1850, the Irish made up a quarter of the population in Boston, New York City, Philadelphia, and Baltimore.

12. Slave Trade • The Atlantic slave trade was the purchase and transport of Africans into bondage and servitude in the New World. The slaves were one element of a three-part economic cycle—the Triangular Trade and its infamous Middle Passage—which ultimately involved four continents, four centuries and the lives and fortunes of millions of people. • The slave trade originated in a shortage of labor in the new world. The first slave traders were Portuguese who desired workers for their mines and sugar plantations in Brazil. When the Dutch seized much of Brazil and became the dominant trading power in seventeenth century they became the leading traders selling slaves to both their own colonies and to British and Spanish ones. As Britain rose in naval power and controlled more of the Americas they became the leading slave traders, mostly operating out of Liverpool and Bristol. By the late 17th century, one out of every four ships that left Liverpool harbor was a slave trading ship.

13. The Pilgrims • The Pilgrims were a group of English religious separatists who sailed from Europe to North America in the early 17th century. The various members of the group had broken away from the Church of England, feeling that the Church had not completed the task begun by the Reformation. • A portion of the group left their homes and sailed to Amsterdam in Holland to escape what they saw as religious persecution at the hands of the religious and civil authorities of their countrymen. Although not actively persecuted, the group was subjected to ecclesiastical investigation and to the mockery, criticism, and disfavor of their neighbors. • These separatist "Pilgrims" settled in Leiden for 12 years, but by 1617 a poor economy, and concern about the Dutch influence upon their community convinced many of them to move on, this time to the New World. Concerned with the morals of the time in the Netherlands, and with their children being brought up in a Dutch environment, they decided to move to a place better-suited to them; and in 1620, they set sail on the ship Mayflower from Plymouth Harbour, bound for the Americas.

14. California Gold Rush of 1848 • The California Gold Rush was a period in American history marked by great world-wide interest concerning a gold discovery in Northern California. The period is marked by mass migrations into California by people, at first almost exclusively men, seeking an easy fortune. Some achieved their goal and became rich. Most, however, found only enough gold to barely pay their daily expenses. The California Gold Rush is generally considered to have ended in 1858, when the New Mexican Gold Rush began. • The rush started at Sutter's Mill near Coloma, California on January 24, 1848 when James W. Marshall, an employee of Sacramento agriculturist John Sutter, found a gold nugget. Actually, Marshall did not say that he had discovered gold; nor did he use the word "gold" or "nugget." What he said was that he had discovered a chispa, which is Spanish for "bright speck" or "spangle." That he should have used this term is some indication of how widely Spanish mining practices, and the Spanish mining vocabulary, had permeated California prior to 1848. Sutter wanted to suppress the fact that he had found gold because he was more concerned with expanding his utopian ideal of an agricultural empire than finding fortune in the cold American River. • But rumors soon surfaced, and were confirmed by San Francisco newspaper publisher and merchant Samuel Brannan in March. On August 19, 1848 the New York Herald was the first newspaper on the East Coast of the United States to confirm that there was a gold rush in California; by December 5, 1848, even the President of the United States would announce this before Congress. Soon the inevitable wave of immigration from around the world called the "49ers" invaded what would be called the Gold Country of California. As he predicted when he saw the gold nugget, Sutter was ruined as more and more of his agricultural workers left in search of gold and squatters invaded his land and stole his crops. • The Gold Rush prompted considerable development in California, and sparked the building of the Panama Railway. The city of San Francisco at first became a ghost town of abandoned ships and businesses whose owners had decided to join in the rush, and then, slightly later, boomed as miners returned rich or, more often, broke and looking for wages.