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Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cells

Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cells. AHMP 5406. Objectives:. Discuss the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cellular components Describe the basic structure of mammalian eukaryotic cells Discuss the different nutritional classes

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Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cells

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  1. Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cells AHMP 5406

  2. Objectives: • Discuss the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cellular components • Describe the basic structure of mammalian eukaryotic cells • Discuss the different nutritional classes • Explain the endosymbiotic theory and development of organelles in the Euk. cell • Compare and contrast the genome organization of prokaryotes versus eukaryotes • Compare the different ways new genes are generated from existing genes • Explain why the human genome is complex

  3. Objectives: • Discuss the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cellular components • Describe the basic structure of mammalian eukaryotic cells • Discuss the different nutritional classes • Explain the endosymbiotic theory and development of organelles in the Euk. cell • Compare and contrast the genome organization of prokaryotes versus eukaryotes • Compare the different ways new genes are generated from existing genes • Explain why the human genome is complex

  4. 1 Features All Cells Share • Hereditary info stored in DNA • Proteins are used as catalysts • DNA replication occurs through templated polymerization • Hereditary info transcribed into RNA • RNA translated into protein • Later we will discuss these things in greater detail

  5. From DNA to Protein(Why is this eukaryotic?)

  6. 1 Prokaryotic cells: • No membrane bound organelles • Simple genome organization • Genes usually do not have introns • Between 500 and 4000 genes • M. genitalium has 477 genes • Great degree of diversity • Unicellular

  7. 1 Mycoplasma genitalium

  8. 1 Eukaryotic cells • All organelles are membrane-bound • Complex genome organization • Large genome size • Between 6,000 and 30,000 genes • Genes have introns • Where is the genetic diversity? • Large amount of regulatory DNA • To control gene expression • High degree of genetic redundancy • Unicellular or multicellular

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  10. Objectives: • Discuss the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cellular components • Describe the basic structure of mammalian eukaryotic cells • Discuss the different nutritional classes • Explain the endosymbiotic theory and development of organelles in the Euk. cell • Compare and contrast the genome organization of prokaryotes versus eukaryotes • Compare the different ways new genes are generated from existing genes • Explain why the human genome is complex

  11. 1 and 2 General eukaryotic cell

  12. Objectives: • Discuss the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cellular components • Describe the basic structure of mammalian eukaryotic cells • Discuss the different nutritional classes • Explain the endosymbiotic theory and development of organelles in the Euk. cell • Compare and contrast the genome organization of prokaryotes versus eukaryotes • Compare the different ways new genes are generated from existing genes • Explain why the human genome is complex

  13. 3 Cells can be powered by different energy sources • I eat other living things! • Organotrophic • Animals • Protists etc. • I need a tan? • Phototrohpic • Bacteria • Plants • Algae • I eat dirt? • Lithotropic • Arcaebacteria

  14. Objectives: • Discuss the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cellular components • Describe the basic structure of mammalian eukaryotic cells • Discuss the different nutritional classes • Explain the endosymbiotic theory and development of organelles in the Euk. cell • Compare and contrast the genome organization of prokaryotes versus eukaryotes • Compare the different ways new genes are generated from existing genes • Explain why the human genome is complex

  15. 4 Eukaryotic cell may have been predators • The primordial eukaryotic cell may have survived by eating other cells • This would require: • A large cell • A flexible membrane • An elaborate cytoskeleton • Protected DNA (in an organelle, which one?)

  16. 4 Dinidium is a cilliated protozoan Lunch! He looks hungry

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  20. Objectives: • Discuss the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cellular components • Describe the basic structure of mammalian eukaryotic cells • Discuss the different nutritional classes • Explain the endosymbiotic theory and development of organelles in the Euk. cell • Compare and contrast the genome organization of prokaryotes versus eukaryotes • Compare the different ways new genes are generated from existing genes • Explain why the human genome is complex

  21. 5 Genome organization in Prok. and Euk. • Prokaryotes • Circular DNA • mtDNA very similar • Eukaryotes • Linear DNA • nuclear DNA

  22. 5 Prokaryotic DNA

  23. 5 Eukaryotic DNA • DNA packaged in a chromosome • Linear DNA • Associated proteins • More details later

  24. Objectives: • Discuss the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cellular components • Describe the basic structure of mammalian eukaryotic cells • Discuss the different nutritional classes • Explain the endosymbiotic theory and development of organelles in the Euk. cell • Compare and contrast the genome organization of prokaryotes versus eukaryotes • Compare the different ways new genes are generated from existing genes • Explain why the human genome is complex

  25. 6 Ways to generate new genes from preexisting genes • Intragenic mutation • Simply a mutation in the sequence • Gene duplication • Whole gene is just recopied into different part of the genome • DNA segment shuffling • Similar genes may exchange segments • Horizontal transfer • Cell to cell transfer of genetic material • e.g. Plasmids • ancient mitochondrial genes • Viruses • Sex

  26. 6 Gene Families • Created by generation of different genes from a precursor • Speciation results in orthologous genes • An organismal phylogeny is produced • Gene duplication can result in paralogous genes • A gene phylogeny is produced

  27. Objectives: • Discuss the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cellular components • Describe the basic structure of mammalian eukaryotic cells • Discuss the different nutritional classes • Explain the endosymbiotic theory and development of organelles in the Euk. cell • Compare and contrast the genome organization of prokaryotes versus eukaryotes • Compare the different ways new genes are generated from existing genes • Explain why the human genome is complex

  28. 7 The human genome is complex: Partly because of duplications

  29. 7 Regulatory DNA is everywhere in eukaryotic genomes

  30. 7 mRNA Structure

  31. 7 Comparative Genome Sizes

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