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Comparative Study of Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cells: Foundations of Cellular Biology

Explore key differences in cellular components, genome organization, gene generation mechanisms, and the complexity of human genome between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. Understand the basic structure of mammalian eukaryotic cells and the endosymbiotic theory. Discover diverse energy sources powering cells. Learn about the possible predatory nature of primordial eukaryotic cells. This comprehensive guide delves into essential aspects of cellular biology.

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Comparative Study of Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cells: Foundations of Cellular Biology

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  1. Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cells AHMP 5406

  2. Objectives: • Discuss the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cellular components • Describe the basic structure of mammalian eukaryotic cells • Discuss the different nutritional classes • Explain the endosymbiotic theory and development of organelles in the Euk. cell • Compare and contrast the genome organization of prokaryotes versus eukaryotes • Compare the different ways new genes are generated from existing genes • Explain why the human genome is complex

  3. Objectives: • Discuss the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cellular components • Describe the basic structure of mammalian eukaryotic cells • Discuss the different nutritional classes • Explain the endosymbiotic theory and development of organelles in the Euk. cell • Compare and contrast the genome organization of prokaryotes versus eukaryotes • Compare the different ways new genes are generated from existing genes • Explain why the human genome is complex

  4. 1 Features All Cells Share • Hereditary info stored in DNA • Proteins are used as catalysts • DNA replication occurs through templated polymerization • Hereditary info transcribed into RNA • RNA translated into protein • Later we will discuss these things in greater detail

  5. From DNA to Protein(Why is this eukaryotic?)

  6. 1 Prokaryotic cells: • No membrane bound organelles • Simple genome organization • Genes usually do not have introns • Between 500 and 4000 genes • M. genitalium has 477 genes • Great degree of diversity • Unicellular

  7. 1 Mycoplasma genitalium

  8. 1 Eukaryotic cells • All organelles are membrane-bound • Complex genome organization • Large genome size • Between 6,000 and 30,000 genes • Genes have introns • Where is the genetic diversity? • Large amount of regulatory DNA • To control gene expression • High degree of genetic redundancy • Unicellular or multicellular

  9. 1

  10. Objectives: • Discuss the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cellular components • Describe the basic structure of mammalian eukaryotic cells • Discuss the different nutritional classes • Explain the endosymbiotic theory and development of organelles in the Euk. cell • Compare and contrast the genome organization of prokaryotes versus eukaryotes • Compare the different ways new genes are generated from existing genes • Explain why the human genome is complex

  11. 1 and 2 General eukaryotic cell

  12. Objectives: • Discuss the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cellular components • Describe the basic structure of mammalian eukaryotic cells • Discuss the different nutritional classes • Explain the endosymbiotic theory and development of organelles in the Euk. cell • Compare and contrast the genome organization of prokaryotes versus eukaryotes • Compare the different ways new genes are generated from existing genes • Explain why the human genome is complex

  13. 3 Cells can be powered by different energy sources • I eat other living things! • Organotrophic • Animals • Protists etc. • I need a tan? • Phototrohpic • Bacteria • Plants • Algae • I eat dirt? • Lithotropic • Arcaebacteria

  14. Objectives: • Discuss the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cellular components • Describe the basic structure of mammalian eukaryotic cells • Discuss the different nutritional classes • Explain the endosymbiotic theory and development of organelles in the Euk. cell • Compare and contrast the genome organization of prokaryotes versus eukaryotes • Compare the different ways new genes are generated from existing genes • Explain why the human genome is complex

  15. 4 Eukaryotic cell may have been predators • The primordial eukaryotic cell may have survived by eating other cells • This would require: • A large cell • A flexible membrane • An elaborate cytoskeleton • Protected DNA (in an organelle, which one?)

  16. 4 Dinidium is a cilliated protozoan Lunch! He looks hungry

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  20. Objectives: • Discuss the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cellular components • Describe the basic structure of mammalian eukaryotic cells • Discuss the different nutritional classes • Explain the endosymbiotic theory and development of organelles in the Euk. cell • Compare and contrast the genome organization of prokaryotes versus eukaryotes • Compare the different ways new genes are generated from existing genes • Explain why the human genome is complex

  21. 5 Genome organization in Prok. and Euk. • Prokaryotes • Circular DNA • mtDNA very similar • Eukaryotes • Linear DNA • nuclear DNA

  22. 5 Prokaryotic DNA

  23. 5 Eukaryotic DNA • DNA packaged in a chromosome • Linear DNA • Associated proteins • More details later

  24. Objectives: • Discuss the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cellular components • Describe the basic structure of mammalian eukaryotic cells • Discuss the different nutritional classes • Explain the endosymbiotic theory and development of organelles in the Euk. cell • Compare and contrast the genome organization of prokaryotes versus eukaryotes • Compare the different ways new genes are generated from existing genes • Explain why the human genome is complex

  25. 6 Ways to generate new genes from preexisting genes • Intragenic mutation • Simply a mutation in the sequence • Gene duplication • Whole gene is just recopied into different part of the genome • DNA segment shuffling • Similar genes may exchange segments • Horizontal transfer • Cell to cell transfer of genetic material • e.g. Plasmids • ancient mitochondrial genes • Viruses • Sex

  26. 6 Gene Families • Created by generation of different genes from a precursor • Speciation results in orthologous genes • An organismal phylogeny is produced • Gene duplication can result in paralogous genes • A gene phylogeny is produced

  27. Objectives: • Discuss the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cellular components • Describe the basic structure of mammalian eukaryotic cells • Discuss the different nutritional classes • Explain the endosymbiotic theory and development of organelles in the Euk. cell • Compare and contrast the genome organization of prokaryotes versus eukaryotes • Compare the different ways new genes are generated from existing genes • Explain why the human genome is complex

  28. 7 The human genome is complex: Partly because of duplications

  29. 7 Regulatory DNA is everywhere in eukaryotic genomes

  30. 7 mRNA Structure

  31. 7 Comparative Genome Sizes

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