1. CHARACTERISTICS OF PROKARYOTIC AND EUKARYOTIC CELLS CHAPTER 4

2. Prokaryotes binary fission no nucleus/nucleoid no organelles no introns genes arranged as operons cell wall of peptidoglycan Eukaryotes mitosis/meiosis nucleus histones organelles introns cell wall of chitin or cellulose or absent 80s rRNA Cellular Characteristics

3. Prokaryotic Cells • Sizes • Shapes • Arrangement

4. Typical Prokaryotic Cell

5. Fig. 4-16ab Gram–positive Gram–negative Peptidoglycan Peptidoglycan Cytoplasm Cytoplasm Cytoplasmic membrane Membrane Periplasm Outer membrane (Iipopolysaccharide and protein)

6. Gram Positive Cell Wall • Gram positive

7. Fig. 4-16c Peptidoglycan Cytoplasmic membrane TEM of bacterium

8. Gram Negative Cell Wall • Gram negative

9. Gram–negative Gram–positive Peptidoglycan Peptidoglycan Cytoplasm Cytoplasm Fig. 4-16 Cytoplasmic membrane Membrane Periplasm Outer membrane (Iipopolysaccharide and protein) Outer membrane Cytoplasmic membrane Peptidoglycan Peptidoglycan Cytoplasmic membrane

10. Core polysaccharide Protein O–polysaccharide Out Lipid A Lipopoly- saccharide (LPS) Fig. 4-23 Outer membrane 8 nm Cell wall Porin Peptidoglycan Peptidoglycan Phospholipid Periplasm Lipoprotein Cytoplasmic membrane In

11. Acid Fast Cell Wall • Acid Fast • Wall deficient Lipid layer penetrated by hydrophobic carbol fuchsin

12. Cell Structures — Membrane • Plasma membrane

13. Cell Structures — Membrane

14. Internal Cell Structures • Cytoplasm • Ribosomes • Nuclear region

15. Inclusions • Internal Membranes

16. Endospores

17. Fig. 4-38

18. Fig. 4-39 Vegetative cell Developing spore Germination Sporulating cell Mature spore

19. Fig. 4-41 Exosporium Spore coat Core wall Cortex DNA

20. Cell Structures — External • Flagellae

21. 14 nm L Filament P Flagellin Fig. 4-47 MS Hook Outer membrane (LPS) L Ring Rod P Ring Periplasm Peptidoglycan Rod MS Ring Basal body MS Ring C Ring Mot protein Mot protein Fli proteins (motor switch) C Ring Cytoplasmic membrane Mot protein 45 nm

22. Cell Structures — Axial filaments • Axial Filaments

23. Cell Structures — Attachment • Pili • Fimbriae

24. Cell Structures — Glycocalyx • Capsule • Slime Layer

25. Eukaryotic Cell Structure

26. Eukaryotic Cells • Plasma membrane • Cytoplasm • Nucleus

27. Eukaryotic Organelles — Mt • Mitochondria

28. Eukaryotic Organelles — Chloroplasts • Chloroplasts

29. Eukaryotic Organelles • Ribosomes • Endoplasmic Reticulum

30. Golgi Apparatus Lysosomes Peroxisomes Vacuoles Eukaryotic Organelles

31. Cytoskeleton and Motility • Cytoskeleton • Flagellae

32. Motility — Cilia • Cilia

33. Motility — Cilia • Cilia

34. Motility — Cilia • Cilia

35. Motility — Pseudopods • Pseudopodia

36. Cell Walls Fungal cell wall (chitin) Plant cell wall(cellulose)

37. Endosymbiotic Theory

38. Endosymbiosis

39. Movement Across Membranes • Diffusion

40. Osmosis • Water movement

41. Active Transport • Active transport

42. Endo/Exocytosis