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Forwarding and Hazards. *Roles change with Phase. Overview What are Hazards?. Hazards are problems that occur within the instruction pipeline of the central processing unit (CPU) microarchitecture that can potentially result in an incorrect computation. There are several types of hazards
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Forwarding and Hazards *Roles change with Phase
OverviewWhat are Hazards? • Hazards are problems that occur within the instruction pipeline of the central processing unit (CPU) microarchitecture that can potentially result in an incorrect computation. • There are several types of hazards • Structural Hazards • Data Hazards • Control Hazards
Structural Hazards • When the current instruction cannot execute in the proper clock cycle because the hardware does not support the combination of instructions that are set to execute • These are not a problem in the MIPS architecture, as there is sufficient hardware to implement everything we need • The only solution, would they occur, would be to add more hardware
Data Hazards • When the current instruction cannot execute in the proper clock cycle because data that is needed to execute instruction is not available. • Load-use data hazard: a specific form of data hazard in which the data being loaded by a load instruction has not yet become available when it is needed by another instruction
Read-after-Read (RAR) • This is a false dependency • Reading won’t alter the contents of the register file, and the registers are read at different times
Write-after-Write (WAW) • This is not a hazard to be concerned with • The output of the second operation in no way relies on the output of the first • Output is stored again in the next pipeline stage, overwriting the value from the first instruction
Write-after-Read (WAR) • This is also not a hazard • The “sub” instruction reads in the value of $t3 five stages before it’s written into the register file
Read-after-Write (RAW) • This refers to a situation where a previous instruction has not finished writing a value to memory before it needs to be used • This can occur because of the pipelined nature of our processor. Data is written back to the register file two stages after the subsequent instruction needs this information. • This is known as a true-data dependency
Data HazardsTrue-Data Dependencies • Stalling – inserts a bubble, or a nop (no operation) into the pipeline • Forwarding – Copies data from inside the pipeline before it is written back to the register.
Forwarding Example add $t1, $t2, $t3 add $t4, $t1, $t5
Data HazardsLoad-Use Hazard • There is a case where forwarding will not solve our problems, as the load will not resolve until the last clock cycle in the pipeline, while the subsequent instruction needs the information in the previous cycle. • Therefore, we must stall the pipeline in order to let the load instruction to “catch up”
Control Hazards • Branch (beq) • Two paths that can be taken, uses a statement that checks which branch will be taken. • (Think of an “if” statement in Java, or C.) • Jump (j) • Always “jumps” to a different location in the code.
Control HazardsFlush Logic • Because there are two options in a branch, we assume the branch will not be taken. If the branch is taken we must remove the instructions that have entered the pipeline. • We do this with a “flush” where we turn all values in the pipeline into nop.
