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Understanding Telecommunications: Basics of Networks and Communication Technology

This guide provides a comprehensive overview of telecommunications systems and network technologies. It covers the essential components of telecommunications, including analog and digital signals, modems, communication media such as twisted-pair wires and fiber optics, and key transmission technologies like DSL and ISDN. Delve into various types of networks—local area networks (LAN) and wide area networks (WAN)—while also exploring client/server and peer-to-peer computing models. By the end of this guide, you will have a clear understanding of fundamental concepts in telecommunications and networking.

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Understanding Telecommunications: Basics of Networks and Communication Technology

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  1. TECHNOLOGY GUIDE FOUR Basics of Telecommunications and Networks

  2. Technology Guide Outline • TG4.1 The Telecommunications System • TG4.2 Types of Networks • TG4.3 Network Fundamentals

  3. Learning Objectives • Understand the basic telecommunications system. • Describe the major types of networks. • Describe the Ethernet and TCP/IP protocols. • Differentiate between client/server computing and peer-to-peer computing.

  4. The Telecommunications System • A telecommunications system consists of hardware and software that transmit information from one location to another.

  5. Analog and Digital Signals

  6. Communications Processors • Modem: • Device that converts digital signals to analog signals and vice versa. • dial-up modem • DSL modem • Cable modem • Multiplexer: • An electronic device that allows a single communications channel to carry data transmissions simultaneously form many sources. • Front-End Processor: • A specialized computer that manages all routing communications with peripheral devices.

  7. Communications Media and Channels • Twisted-pair wire • Most prevalent form of communications wiring; consists of strands of copper wire twisted in pairs. • Coaxial cable • Insulated copper wire used to carry high-speed data traffic and television signals. • Fiber optics • Thin filaments of glass fibers that transmit information via light pulses generated by lasers.

  8. Twisted Pair Wire

  9. Coaxial Cable

  10. Fiber Optics Cable

  11. Transmission Speed • Bandwidth • The range of frequencies available in any communications channel. • Narrowband • Low-speed transmission speed transmissions up to 64 Kbps. • Broadband • High-speed transmission speeds ranging from 256 to several terabits per second.

  12. Transmission Technolgies • Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) • Data transmission technology that allows users to transfer voice, video, image, and data simultaneously over existing telephone lines. • Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) • A high-speed, digital data transmission technology using existing analog telephone lines. • Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) • Data transmission technology that uses packet switching and allows for almost unlimited bandwidth on demand. • Synchronous Optical Network (SONET) • An interface standard for transporting digital signals over fiber optic lines that allows users to integrate transmissions from multiple vendors. • T-Carrier System • Digital transmission system that defines circuits that operate at different rates, all of which are multiples of the basic 64 Kbps user to transport a single voice call.

  13. Types of Networks • A computer network is a system that connects computers via communications media so that data can be transmitted among them. • Local area networks (LAN) • Connects two or more devices in a limited geographical region • Wide are network (WAN) • Networks that cover large geographical areas • Value-added network (VAN) • A type of wide area network that are private, data-only networks managed by third parties that provide telecommunication and computing services to multiple organizations. • Enterprise network • The entire network of an organization, usually consisting of multiple local area networks and multiple wide area networks.

  14. Local Area Network • Network Interface Card • Hardware that allows devices in a LAN to physically connect to the communication medium. • Switch • A special computer that allows devices in a LAN to communicate with each other. • File Server • A special computer that contains user software and data files for a LAN, and the network operating system. • Gateway • A communication processor that connects dissimilar networks by translating from one set of protocols to another. • Bridge • A communication processor that connects two networks of the same type. • Router • A communication processor that routes messages through several connected LANS or to a WAN.

  15. Network Fundamentals • Network Protocol • A set of rules and procedures that govern transmission across a network. • Ethernet • A common LAN protocol. • Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) • A file transfer protocol that can send large files of information across sometimes unreliable network with assurance that the data will arrive uncorrupted; the protocol of the Internet. • Types of Network Processing • Client/server • Links two or more computers in an arrangement in which some machines (called servers) provide computing services for user computers (called clients). • Peer-to-Peer processing • A type of client/server distributed processing where each computer acts as both a client and a server.

  16. The Four Layers of the TCP/IP Protocol

  17. Packet Switching

  18. The Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence: Peer-to-Peer Processing

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