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Chapter 9

Chapter 9. Innate Immunity: Nonspecific Defenses of the Host. Nonspecific Defenses of the Host. Susceptibility: Lack of resistance to a disease. Immunity: Ability to ward off disease. Innate immunity: Defenses against any pathogen.

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Chapter 9

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  1. Chapter 9 Innate Immunity: Nonspecific Defenses of the Host

  2. Nonspecific Defenses of the Host • Susceptibility: Lack of resistance to a disease. • Immunity: Ability to ward off disease. • Innate immunity: Defenses against any pathogen. • Adaptive immunity: Immunity, resistance to a specific pathogen.

  3. Host Defenses Figure 16.1

  4. Physical Factors • Skin • Epidermis consists of tightly packed cells with • Keratin, a protective protein

  5. Physical Factors • Mucous membranes • Ciliary escalator: Microbes trapped in mucus are transported away from the lungs. • Lacrimal apparatus: Washes eye. • Saliva: Washes microbes off. • Urine: Flows out. • Vaginal secretions: Flow out. Figure 16.4a

  6. Chemical Factors • Fungistatic fatty acid in sebum. • Low pH (3-5) of skin. • Lysozyme in perspiration, tears, saliva, and tissue fluids. • Low pH (1.2-3.0) of gastric juice. • Transferrins in blood find iron. • NO inhibits ATP production.

  7. Normal Microbiota • Microbial antagonism/competitive exclusion: Normal microbiota compete with pathogens.

  8. Formed Elements in Blood Table 16.1 (1 of 2)

  9. Formed Elements in Blood Table 16.1 (2 of 2)

  10. Differential White Cell Count • Percentage of each type of white cell in a sample of 100 white blood cells.

  11. White Blood Cells • Neutrophils: Phagocytic • Basophils: Produce histamine • Eosinophils: Toxic to parasites and some phagocytosis • Dendritic cells: Initiate adaptive immune response • Monocytes: Phagocytic as mature macrophages • Fixed macrophages in lungs, liver, and bronchi • Wandering macrophages roam tissues. • Lymphocytes: Involved in specific immunity.

  12. Phagocytosis • Phago: from Greek, meaning eat • Cyte: from Greek, meaning cell • Ingestion of microbes or particles by a cell, performed by phagocytes. Figure 16.6

  13. Phagocytosis Figure 16.7

  14. Microbial Evasion of Phagocytosis

  15. Inflammation • Redness • Pain • Heat • Swelling (edema) • Acute-phase proteins activated (complement, cytokine, and kinins) • Vasodilation (histamine, kinins, prostaglandins, and leukotrienes) • Margination and emigration of WBCs • Tissue repair

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