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HOLOCAUST TIMELINE 1933

HOLOCAUST TIMELINE 1933. Adolf Hitler appointed Chancellor Reichstag building burned to create crisis (Jews blamed) Boycott of Jewish businesses Burning of books throughout Berlin Dachau opens in Germany (followed by Buchenwald, Sachsenhausen, Ravensbruck). 1933.

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HOLOCAUST TIMELINE 1933

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  1. HOLOCAUST TIMELINE1933 • Adolf Hitler appointed Chancellor • Reichstag building burned to create crisis (Jews blamed) • Boycott of Jewish businesses • Burning of books throughout Berlin • Dachau opens in Germany (followed by Buchenwald, Sachsenhausen, Ravensbruck)

  2. 1933 • Hitler given dictatorial powers • Gestapo is created by Hermann Goring • Nazi party declared the only legal party • Forced sterilization for those with genetic defects • Jews prohibited from owning land or being newspaper editors

  3. 1934 • Jews denied health insurance • Night of the Long Knives (Hitler’s enemies are destroyed) • SS becomes independent from SA • President von Hindenburg dies • Hitler becomes Fuhrer (Leader) - 90% of Germans vote “yes” to his new powers

  4. 1935 • Jews banned from military • Jewish performers/artists forced to join Jewish Cultural Unions • NUREMBERG LAWS PASSED (laws specifically applied to Jews which gradually and systematically took away all rights)

  5. 1936 • Gestapo is placed above the law • SS given command of concentration camps • Nazis occupy the Rhineland • Heinrich Himmler appointed chief of SS • Olympic games begin in Berlin • Office for Combating Homosexuality and Abortions set up

  6. 1938 • Anschluss (union) with Austria • Mauthausen opens • No “front ownership” of Jewish businesses • All Jewish businesses forced to register • All Jews over 15 must carry identity cards • Jewish doctors prohibited from practicing medicine

  7. 1938 (continued) • Women forced to add “Sarah”, men “Israel” to names on all legal documents • Jews prohibited from all legal practices • Passports stamped with large red “J” • Nazis occupy Sudetenland (Czech.) • Polish Jews living in Germany expelled • Ernst vom Rath murdered as a result

  8. 1938 (continued) • Herschel Grynszpan (17), son of deportee, accused of murder • Kristallnacht (Night of Broken Glass) in retaliation • Jews fined for damages of Kristallnacht! • Jews expelled from German schools • Hermann Goring takes charge of Jewish “question”

  9. 1939 • Reinhard Heydrich ordered to speed up emigration of Jews • Jews forced to hand over gold and silver • Nazis seize Czechoslovakia • Jews relocated into Jewish houses • Ship “St. Louis” (refugees) turned away by many countries (including U.S.) Most died later in camps

  10. 1939 (continued) • Germany invades Poland (WWII begins) • Curfew for Jews - 8:00 p.m. • Heydrich instructs Einsatzgruppen (special action squads) to gather Jews into ghettos near railroads for future “final goal.” • Nazis and Soviets divide Poland • Euthanasia programs begin on sick and disabled

  11. 1939 (continued) • Forced labor decree for Jews aged 14 to 60 • Yellow stars required to be worn • Adolf Eichmann takes over Jewish affairs and evacuations • Quote (newspaper) “The Jewish people ought to be exterminated root and branch. Then the plague of pests would disappear from Poland in one stroke” (Streicher)

  12. 1940 • New site in Poland, Auschwitz, chosen for new concentration camp • First deportation of German Jews to Poland • Nazis invade Denmark, Norway, France, Belgium, Holland, Luxembourg • France falls, Hitler’s greatest achievement • Axis agreement signed between Germany, Italy and Japan

  13. 1941 • Germany occupies Romania, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia, Soviet Union • Einsatzgruppen continues work in occupied territories • Pograms (organized attacks) take place all over Europe • Heydrich instructed to prepare for “Final Solution”

  14. 1941 (continued) • First test use of Zyklon-B gas at Auschwitz • 33,000 murdered at Babi Yar in Russia • Theresienstadt opens in Czech.; used as a model ghetto for propaganda purposes • Japanese attack Pearl Harbor (Dec. 7); U.S. and Britain enter war • Chelmo opens

  15. 1942 • Mass killings begin at Auschwitz (Zyklon) • Wannsee Conference to coordinate “Final Solution” • Belzec extermination camp opens • Jews from all over Europe begin deportations to camps • Sobibor death camp opens • Heydrich murdered by Czech resistance

  16. 1942 (continued) • NY Times reports murders of hundreds of thousands of Jews by Nazis • Sterilization experiments begin at Auschwitz • Treblinka death camp opens in Poland • SS cash in possessions/valuables seized, some goods are sent to troops and German families

  17. 1943 • Einsatzgruppen murders pass 1 million • U.S. and G.B. are aware of intention to exterminate all Jewish people of Europe • First resistance by Jews in Warsaw ghetto • Germans defeated at Stalingrad; critical loss • Dr. Josef Mengele arrives at Auschwitz • Germans & Italians surrender in N. Africa

  18. 1943 (continued) • Berlin is declared “cleansed of Jews” • Auschwitz capacity is 5,000 bodies/day • Danish underground transports nearly 8,000 Jews to safety in Sweden • Massive escape from Sobibor, 300 escape and 50 survive; camp is destroyed • Himmler talks openly about the “Final Solution”

  19. 1944 • Soviet troops reach Polish border • Eichmann arrives at Auschwitz to speed up the extermination process • Red Cross visits Theresienstadt and gives a favorable report • June 6, 1944 - Allies begin invasion of Normandy, France (D-Day) • Auschwitz - Highest average - 9,000/day

  20. 1944 (continued) • Soviet troops liberate first camp, Majdanek • Anne Frank & family arrested and sent to Auschwitz • Last Jewish ghetto is liquidated • Last use of gas chambers at Auschwitz; crematoria destroyed • Forced marches to other camps begin • Oskar Schindler saves 1,200 Jews

  21. 1945 • As Allies advance, death marches continue • Invasion of eastern Germany by Soviets • Liberation of Warsaw • Soviets liberate Auschwitz • Allies liberate Buchenwald, Dachau, Mathausen, Bergen-Belsen; troops are shocked and sickened by what they see

  22. 1945 (continued) • Hitler commits suicide in his Berlin bunker • Germany surrenders, war in Europe ends • Himmler, Goebbels commit suicide, Eichmann escapes • November - Opening of Nuremberg Military Tribunal (war crimes trial)

  23. Conclusion • 1946 - Former Auschwitz commander Hoss is hanged at Auschwitz • Goring commits suicide 2 hours before his execution • 1960 - Eichmann is captured in Argentina and executed in Israel the next year • 1980’s - Joseph Mengele drowns in S. America; lived 35 years as a free man

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