Brain organization & music

1. Brain organization & music Fatıma Hazer Psyc- 374

2. Outline • Definition of music • Musical processing • Through ears into brain • Brain on music • Hearing • Imagining • Playing • Singing • Music & Emotions

3. Music • Amixture of different frequencies played together in a manner that sounds harmonious • Composition of low and high frequencies (pitches) of sound waves • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D9EcsYTEcg8

4. How we perceive these sounds as music?

5. Through Ears... (Auditory Pathway)

6. intoBrain (Neural Pathway)

7. Simply their tasks... http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FVIiYyD2_YU

8. Sound waves Learning Objectives Complex sound wave from a single note Tympanic membrane Cochlea Stapes • Technology • Procedure • Policies • Benefits Auditory nerve fi bers Slice of cochlea Hair cell 200 Hz 800 Hz Relative amplitude of movement in membrane 1,600 Hz Basilar membrane Auditory nerve fibers end on different neurons tuned to different frequencies Thalamus Auditory cortex Vibrations in the basilar membrane of the cochlea in turn cause inner hair cells, the sensory receptors, to generate electrical signals to the auditory nerve, which transmits them to the brain. Individual hair cells are tuned to different vibration frequencies. Brain stem Cerebellum SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC.

9. Hearing or listening music • Imagining music • Playing music • Singing music Brain on music

10. Hearing or Listening Music • The auditory cortex (1) is organized in terms of sound frequencies, with some cells responding to low frequencies and others to high. • In the core region, basic musical elements (pitch and volume)are analyzed • Thesurrounding regions process more complex elements, such as timbre, melody and rhythm.

11. Imagining Music • The activityoccurs in small, discrete areas (1), and to a lesser magnitude • The inferior frontal gyrus(2)associated with retrieving memories and is thus stimulated as you recall • dorsolateral frontal cortex (3) is responsible for holding the song in working memory while it is being imagined.

12. Playing Music • uses complex feedback systems that take in information (pitch and melody)through the auditory cortex (1), and allow the performer to adjust his playing • the visual cortex (2) is activated by reading — or even imagining — a score; • the parietal lobe (3) is involved in a number of processes, including computation of finger position • the motor cortex (4) helps control body movements • the sensory cortex (5) is stimulated with each touch of the instrument; • the premotor area (6) remains somewhat mysterious but somehow helps perform movements in the correct order and time • the frontal lobe (7) plans and coordinates the overall activity • the cerebellum (8) helps create smooth, integrated movements.

13. Singing Music • increases in activity during singing (versus speaking or listening) in bilateral motor structures,with predominance in the right hemisphere, particularly for premotor, insular, and auditory regions.

14. Music & Emotions • The "reward" structures in your inner brain (cross section), such as the ventral tegmental area (1), are stimulated • If you are listening to a song you find pleasant, activity in the amygdala (2) is inhibited. This is the part of the brain that is typically associated with negative emotion, such as fear.

15. Summary • How music process from our ears into brain • Brain regions for different music processes • Listening • Imagining • Playing • Singing • Emotional process of music

16. References • Gaser, C., & Schlaug, G. (2003). Brain structuresdifferbetween musicians. The Journal of Neuroscience,23(27), 9240 –9245 • and Non-Musicians • http://www.canadiangeographic.ca/magazine/jf06/alacarte.asp • http://sciencenordic.com/how-music-touches-brain • http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/bb/neuro/neuro99/web1/Sancar.html • Peretz, I, & Zatorre, R. J. (2005).Annual ReviewPsychology, 56, 89–114. • Weinberger, N. M.(2004). Music and the Brain. Scientific American, 88-98.

17. Thank You 

18. Questions?