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Comprehensive Guide to Joint Classification and Movement Functions

Explore the classification of joints into fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial types, along with their structural and functional characteristics. Learn about different joint types and movements, including clinical terms like sprain, dislocation, and arthritis.

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Comprehensive Guide to Joint Classification and Movement Functions

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  1. Joints Chapter 8

  2. Classifying Joints • Functions • Flexibility for movement • Hold bones together • Structural Classification (binding tissue and cavity) • Fibrous • Cartilaginous • Synovial • Functional Classification (amount of movement) • Synarthroses – immovable; axial skeleton • Amphiarthroses - slightly movable; axial skeleton • Diathroses - freely moveable; limbs

  3. Organizing Joints

  4. Fibrous Joints • Sutures • Only b/w skull bones • Bind, but allow growth • Complete as an adult (synostoses) • Syndemoses • Longer than sutures • Length determines mov’t* • Interosseous membrane and tibia-fibula distal ends • Gomphoses • Tooth in alveolar socket • Periodontal ligament

  5. Cartilaginous Joints • Synchondroses • Temporary, become synostoses • Epiphyseal plates and coastal cartilage • Symphyses • Cartilage fused to fibrocartilage pad/plate • Strength with flexibility • Intervetevbral discs and pubic symphysis

  6. Synovial Joints • Articular cartilage • Joint (synovial) cavity • Articular capsule • Fibrous capsule (ext-) DICT • Synovial membrane (int-) LCT • Synovial fluid • Viscous, but thins with mov’t • Reinforcing ligaments • Double jointed = looser/stretchierligmanents and capsule • Rich blood and nerve innervation • Fatty pads for cushioning (hip and knee) • Menisci divide cavity and improve fit (knee and jaw)

  7. Synovial Joints • Preventing friction • Bursae are flattend fibrous synovial sacs • Tendon sheaths are elongated bursa wrapped around a tendon • Stability • Articular surface shape • Determine mov’t & some stability • Ligaments • Prevent excessive/undesirable mov’t • Inadequate than stay stretched (taffy) = snapping • Muscle tone • Tendons stay taut so reactive

  8. Joint Articular Shapes • Plane - articular surface is flat, nonaxial • Intercarpal and –tarsals; slip 1 or 2 ways • Hinge – cylindrical projection to a trough • Elbow and interphalengeal; 1 plane of mov’t • Pivot – rounded end into ring or “sleeve” • C1 & C2 or radius & ulna; 1 plane of mov’t • Condyloid - oval surface into a depression • Metacarpophalangeal (knucles); 2 planes of mov’t • Saddle – concave and convex surface • Carpometacarpal thumb joint; 2 planes of mov’t • Ball and socket – spherical end with a cup-like socket • Shoulder or hip joint; 3 planes mov’t

  9. Synovial Movements • Gliding • Slips surfaces across one another • Flexion/extension • Reduces angle of joint/ increases angle • Abduction/adduction • Away from center/ toward midline • Pronation/supination • Face or palm down/ face or palm up • Rotation/circumduction • Turning on an axis/ making small circles • Inversion/eversion • Turn sole medially/ turn sole laterally • Dorsiflexion/plantar flextion • Flex/ point • Protraction/retraction • Jaw out/jaw in • Elevation/depression • Lift superiorly/move inferiorly

  10. Knee Joint • Single cavity w/ 3 joints • Capsule partially encloses • Strong vertical force, weak lateral • Patellar ligament (knee-jerk) • Prevent hyperextension • Fibular and tibial collateral ligaments • Prevent lateral and medial rotation w/ extension • Anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments (tibial attach) • Prevent forward sliding of tibia; back displacement of tibia or forward femur • Posteriorly, medially, up; anteriorly, laterally, up • Lateral and medial meniscus anterior cruciate ligament

  11. Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ) • Mandibular condyle is egg-shaped • Temporal bone is knob forward, concave fossa • Side-to-side is lateral exclusion, unique to mammals • Shallow socket = easy dislocation • Reset: thumbs in molars, push inferior and posterior • Pain from muscles tension

  12. Clinical Terms • Sprain: stretching/tearing of a ligament • Dislocation (luxation): bones forced out of position • Bursitis: inflammation on bursa; blow or friction • Arthritis: synovial membrane thickens, production decrease • Osteoarthritis – degenerative; tissue thickens & bone spurs formed • Rheumatoid arthritis - autoimmune • Gouty arthritis – uric acid accumulation in soft tissue joints • Synovitis: inflammation of synovial membrane • Tendinitis: inflammation of tendon sheaths, overuse;

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