Organ Pathology

1. Organ Pathology Seminar / FAQ Respiratory Tract Diseases Jaroslava Dušková Inst. Pathol. ,1st Med. Faculty, Charles Univ. Prague

2. Respiratory tract • nose & paranasal cavities • nasopharynx • larynx • trachea • bronchi • LUNG

3. Disease Nosologic Unit • Definition • Incidence , age/sex prevalence (if any) • Etiology • Possible clinical manifestation • Pathogenesis • macroscopy • microscopy • ultrastructure or other dg. tools • other (nonmorphological) dg. tools • Complications !!! • Healing & prognosis !!!!

4. Diseases of the nose and paranasal cavities

5. Classification? Most frequent/important ones ?

6. Non-neoplastic • inflammation • acute/chronic • specific/non-specific • superficial/intersticial • pseudotumours • Neoplastic

7. Pseudotumours of the nasal & paranasal cavities ?

8. Tumours of the nose & paranasal cavities?

9. Tumours of the nose & paranasal cavities • benign (papilloma, adenoma, hemangioma) • malignant - carcinoma • adenoca • squamous cell

10. Nasopharyngeal tumours?

11. Nasopharyngeal tumours? • angiofibroma • nasopharyngeal carcinoma (Schmincke´ lymphoepithelioma ) • EBV

12. Larynx-diseases

13. Classification? Most frequent/important ones ?

14. Non-neoplastic • inflammation • acute/chronic • specific/non-specific • superficial/intersticial • pseudotumours • Neoplastic

15. Type of exsudate: serous nonpurulent – lymphoplasmocellular purulent fibrinous gangrenous Inflammation - Classification:

16. Laryngeal Pseudotumours ?

17. Laryngeal Neoplasms ?

18. NEOPLASIA – classification HISTOGENETIC • mesenchymal • epithelial • neuroectodermal • mixed • germ cell, teratoma choriocarcinoma • mesotelioma

19. Epithelial Tumours • surface epithelium papillomas carcinomas / papillocarcinomas • glandular epithelium adenomas adenocarcinomas • double diff. mucoepidermoid

20. Laryngeal Neoplasms • papilloma • carcinoma

21. Bronchi &Trachea-diseases

22. Classification? Most frequent/important ones ?

23. Non-neoplastic • inflammation • acute • chronic • pseudotumours • Neoplastic

24. Ca bronchogenes • Definition • Incidence , age/sex prevalence (if any) • Etiology /risk factors • Possible clinical manifestation • Pathogenesis • macroscopy !!!!! • microscopy • ultrastructure or other dg. tools • other (nonmorphological) dg. tools • Complications • Healing & prognosis

25. Macroscopy (x-ray) forms of lung ca • central early symptoms • peripheral surgery possible • Pancoast Horner´ triad • pulmopleural x meta • pulmomediastinal x meta • multifocal x meta • lobar x non neopl. dis.

26. Classification of Lung Cancer (Clinical) (biology behaviour) • small cell • non small cell

27. Small Cell Ca • chemotherapy sensitive • symptomatic period short • distant meta at the time of dg. common • expression of the myc oncogen

28. Non Small Cell Ca • chemotherapy insensitive • surgery (if possible = 20-40%) • mutation of K-ras oncogen

29. Histopathology Classification of Lung Cancer • small cell – highly malignant , with/without neuroendocrine diff. • spinocellular (epidermoid) • adenocarcinoma (subtype bronchioloalveolar ca) • large cell (undifferentiated)

30. Risk factors for pleural & lung (!) neoplasms ?

31. Lung Cancer - course • agressive • cough, weight loss, pain, dyspnea • 5 yr survival remains in non small cell ca 10%

32. Other Bronchial & Lung Tumours ?

33. LUNG-diseases

34. Classification? Most frequent/important ones ?

35. Non-neoplastic • inflammation • acute/chronic • specific/non-specific • superficial/intersticial • pseudotumours • Neoplastic

36. Non-neoplastic • childhood – atelectasis, bronchopulmonary dysplasia,newborn RDS, SIDS • vascular - acute and chronic venostasis • inflammation • acute/chronic (obstructive & restrictive lung dis.) • specific/non-specific • superficial/intersticial • pseudotumours • Neoplastic

37. Atelectasis - Collapse Atelectasis – imperfect expansion at birth Collapse – return to airless state

38. Type of exsudate: serous nonpurulent – lymphoplasmocellular purulent fibrinous gangrenous Inflammation - Classification:

39. Interstitialpneumonitis and fibrosis Idiopathic int. Pneumonitis–fibrosing alveolitis Fibrosis without recognized cause, immune complexdeposition Progressive dyspnea, resp. failure, cor pulmonale Usual IP (UIP)-acute phase is followed by proliferation of fibroblasts producing Collagen-fibrosis, derangement of alv. walls Desquamative IP (DIP)-macrophages in alveoli,good prognosis Lymphocytic IP (LIP) -extensive inf. of the interstitium with lymphocytes and plasma cells Giant cell IP- after inhalation of fumes of hard metals alloys

40. Hypersensitivity pneumonitis- extrinsic allergic alveolitis After inhalation of antigens Farmer´s dis actinomycete in moldy hay Mushroom´s worker´s dis – Bird-fancier´s lung- bird dropping Maple bark stripper´s dis – maple bark Malt worker´s lung – barely malt Suberosis – mouldy cork dust Pituitary snuff takers lung- pituitary snuff Pathology -acute interst. pneumonitis Granulomas with giant cells bronchiolitis fibrosis

41. Hypersensitivity pneumonitis - extrinsic allergic alveolitis After inhalation of antigens Farmer´s dis actinomycete in moldy hay Mushroom´s worker´s dis – Bird-fancier´s lung- bird dropping Maple bark stripper´s dis – maple bark Malt worker´s lung – barely malt Suberosis – mouldy cork dust Pituitary snuff takers lung- pitutitary snuff Pathology -acute interst. pneumonitis granulomas with giant cells bronchiolitis fibrosis

42. Emphysema  Definition – permanent overdistension of the air passages distal to the terminal bronchioles. It is ass. with destruction of the walls of airspaces within the acini Etiology – cigarette smoking, atmospheric pollution,infection, genetic defect Classification – proximal acinar e.(centriacinar) panacinar em. distal acinar e. irregular e. Symptoms – dyspnea, chronic coughing, chest „barrel shaped“ Ribs almost horizontal, prominent sternoclavicular muscles Pulmonary hypertension, prolonged expiration, respir. acidosis, hypoxia Pathology – lungs are voluminous, pale, edges of lung are rounded, bullae like bubbles at the periphery, the heart is obscured during autopsy Histology – thining and destruction of alv. walls, alveoli are confluent, Large airspaces, capillaries are diminished in number

43. Interstitial emphysema Entrance of air into the connective tissue of the lung, mediastinum and soft tissue Spontaneously– incr. intraalveolar pressure, cough In patiens onrespiratore, lung trauma – fractured ribs Symptoms – swelling of the neck and head Crackling crepitation

44. Acute interstitial pneumonia Etiology – viruses- measles v., adenoviruses, cytomegalovirus Chlamydia psittaci Rickettsiae- C. Burneti Mycoplasma pneumoniae Pathology- alveolar septa expanded-hyperemia, lympho-plasmocytic inf. hyaline mebranes viral inclusion bodies multinucleated giant cells- measles, RSV Complication– interstitial fibrosis

45. Asbestosis •  pleural plaques, diffuse pleural thickening • interstitial fibrosis-asbestos bodies • mesotheliomas • carcinoma of the lung • asbestos body – fibre coated with layers of iron containing proteins • fine septal scarring, changes in resp. bronchioles • macrophages release the cytokines and growth factors • proliferation of fibroblasts

46. Silicosis inhalation of silica or silicon dioxide •   toxic effect of the crystalline silica on the lysosomal membranes • lysosomal rupture, release of enzymes • Pathology: • diff. reticular fibrosis • small nodules having a whorled pattern • fusion of nodules- massive fibrosis

47. Coal miner´s pneumoconiosis Simple form-small black macule containing dust- laden macrophages Macule progress to become nodules containing collagen Complicated form – progressive masive fibrosis Nodules exceeding 1cm in diameter

48. Tuberculosis ?

49. Disease Nosologic Unit • Definition • Incidence , age/sex prevalence (if any) • Etiology • Possible clinical manifestation • Pathogenesis • macroscopy • microscopy • ultrastructure or other dg. tools • other (nonmorphological) dg. tools • Complications • Healing & prognosis

50. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Koch 1882) Mycobacterium bovis acidoresistance M. avium,intracellulare, Kansasii atypical mycobacterioses TUBERCULOSIS