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Understanding Solids: Types, Properties, and Crystal Growth

In this chapter, we explore the solid state of matter, characterized by a definite shape and volume due to closely packed particles. Solids are classified into two main types: amorphous solids, which lack a repeating pattern and do not melt at specific temperatures (e.g., butter, glass), and crystalline solids, which have a regular arrangement and melt at specific points (e.g., salt, sugar). We also delve into crystal characteristics, formation, and growth dynamics, including the impact of evaporation speed on crystal size and the unique shapes of crystals like those found in snowflakes and geodes.

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Understanding Solids: Types, Properties, and Crystal Growth

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  1. Chapter 3 : Section 1 Solids

  2. States of Matter • All substances (elements, compounds, molecules, or mixtures) are either found in the solid, liquid, or gaseous state of matter. • There is also a less known state (or phase) of matter called plasma. WE WILL LEARN MORE ABOUT LATER.

  3. Solids • A solid is any substance that has a definite shape and volume. • Solids have definite shape and volume because the arrangement of the particles that make them up are fixed in one position and closely packed together. • The particles may only vibrate in place.

  4. Types of Solids • Amorphous solids – have particles that are not arranged in a repeating pattern. They do not melt at specific temperatures. Examples include butter, plastics, rubber, glass, and oobleck. • Crystalline solids – have particles that form a regular, repeating pattern. Crystals melt at specific temperatures. Examples include salt, sugar, quartz, and copper sulfate.

  5. Crystals • Almost all solids are crystals. • Crystals have very smooth, flat surfaces. • Not all crystals are clear (transparent.) Some are cloudy (opaque.) • Crystals are used for jewelry (gems), electronics, and tools. • Crystal growth is evidence for the existence of atoms. The only way crystal growth can be explained is to use the idea of atoms adding on to one another in layers.

  6. All crystals of any solid have the same shape no matter its size. • In order for crystals to grow evaporation must occur. • The speed at which evaporation occurs affects the crystal size. • Slow evaporation gives large crystals and fast evaporation gives small crystals. • A geode is a rock in which water eroded (wore away) the inside allowing crystals to form there.

  7. There are 7 basic crystal shapes or forms which include: • Cubic • Triclinic • Hexagonal • Monoclinic • Trigonal • Orthorhombic • Tetragonal

  8. Snow is also a crystal. • Each snowflake has a unique 6-sided shape. • All minerals are crystals and all rocks are made from crystals.

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