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26 ms

26 ms. 9 ms. Low High Predictability. Low High Predictability. Low High Predictability. 4-6. 1-3. 7-9. Launch Distance from Target (# letters). Low High Predictability. Low High Predictability. Low High Predictability. 4-6. 1-3. 7-9.

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26 ms

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  1. 26 ms 9 ms

  2. Low High Predictability Low High Predictability Low High Predictability 4-6 1-3 7-9 Launch Distance from Target (# letters)

  3. Low High Predictability Low High Predictability Low High Predictability 4-6 1-3 7-9 Launch Distance from Target (# letters)

  4. Conclusions • Apparent additive effect of Freq & Pred in reading is comprised of opposing interactive effects. • Possible explanations: • Frequency first • Floors and ceilings • Launch site important

  5. Conclusions • Possible explanations

  6. Low High Predictability Low High Predictability Low High Predictability 4-6 1-3 7-9 Launch Distance from Target (# letters)

  7. 26 ms 9 ms

  8. Launch Distance 1-3 …grabbed a bottle of water from a… 4-6 7-9 Target-1 fixation frequency n.s. n.s. marg. predictability n.s. n.s. ** Target fixation frequency predictability process current word(s) Identify fixation target meaning process current word(s) Identify fixation target meaning process current word(s) Identify fixation target form

  9. Low High Predictability Low High Predictability Low High Predictability 4-6 1-3 7-9 Launch Distance from Target (# letters)

  10. Low High Predictability Low High Predictability Low High Predictability 4-6 1-3 7-9 Launch Distance from Target (# letters)

  11. Low High Predictability Low High Predictability Low High Predictability 4-6 1-3 7-9 Launch Distance from Target (# letters)

  12. Effects Before the Target? …grabbed a bottle of water from a… location of current, pre-target fixation • “Parafoveal-on-foveal” effects (oh no!): • When the ease or difficulty in processing a parafoveal target initially manifests itself on the current, pre-target fixation.

  13. 4 ms (marg.) 6 ms (p<.01)

  14. Parafoveal Processing InfluencesWord Frequency & Predictability Effectson Eye Movements during Reading Christopher Sébastien Patrick Sara Hand Miellet O’Donnell Sereno Glasgow Language Processing University of Glasgow (est. 1451)

  15. Glasgow University LanguageProcessing GULP Parafoveal Processing InfluencesWord Frequency & Predictability Effects on Eye Movementsduring Reading University of Glasgow (est. 1451)

  16. Glasgow University LanguageProcessing GULP Parafoveal Processing InfluencesWord Frequency & Predictability Effectson Eye Movements during Reading Christopher Sébastien Patrick Sara Hand Miellet O’Donnell Sereno University of Glasgow (est. 1451)

  17. Parafoveal Processing InfluencesWord Frequency & Predictability Effectson Eye Movements during Reading Christopher Sébastien Patrick Sara Hand Miellet O’Donnell Sereno Glasgow Language Processing University of Glasgow (est. 1451)

  18. WOW! Method • Participants: 64 • native English speaking; normal vision; not dyslexic • mean age = 22.2 (range: 18-41); #F=47, #M=17 • Apparatus: Dual-Purkinje Eyetracker (Gen 5.5) • Materials & Design: Conditions: Frequency (HF,LF) x Predictability (HP,LP) Targets: HF & LF targets matched pair-wise on word length (mean=5.84 letters; range: 5-8 letters)

  19. Materials & Design • Participants: 64 • Apparatus: Dual-Purkinje Eyetracker (Gen 5.5.) • Materials & Design: Conditions: Frequency (HF,LF) x Predictability (HP,LP) Targets: HF & LF targets matched pairwise on word length (5-8 letters; avg = xx) === HF === === LF === HPLPHPLP Frequency (BNC, per million) 145 145 4 4 Predictability (1-7) 6.19 4.07 6.11 3.69 Cloze probability 0.57 0.02 0.50 0.01

  20. Freq X Pred: Eye Movements Altarriba, Kroll, Sholl, & Rayner (1996) Lavinge, Vitu, & d’Ydewalle (2000) Rayner, Binder, Ashby, & Pollatsek (2001) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Rayner, Ashby, Pollatsek, & Reichle (2004) Miellet, Sparrow, & Sereno (in press) Inhoff (1984) conducted en français

  21. Freq X Pred: Eye Movements Altarriba, Kroll, Sholl, & Rayner (1996) Lavinge, Vitu, & d’Ydewalle (2000) Rayner, Binder, Ashby, & Pollatsek (2001) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Rayner, Ashby, Pollatsek, & Reichle (2004) Miellet, Sparrow, & Sereno (in press) Inhoff (1984) conducted in French

  22. High Low Predictable High Low Predictable High Low Predictable 4-6 1-3 7-9 Launch Distance from Target (# letters)

  23. Rayner et al. (2004) LimitationsRemedies Items per condition: 8 Length of context (# pre-target words): 7.7 words Target embedded in: single sentence 22 15.5 2nd of 2 sentences

  24. Freq X Pred: Eye Movements Altarriba, Kroll, Sholl, & Rayner (1996) Lavinge, Vitu, & d’Ydewalle (2000) Rayner, Binder, Ashby, & Pollatsek (2001) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Rayner, Ashby, Pollatsek, & Reichle (2004) Miellet, Sparrow, & Sereno (in press) Inhoff (1984)

  25. WOW! HF LF HPLPHPLP Frequency (BNC, per million) 145 145 4 4 Predictability (1-7) 6.19 4.07 6.11 3.69 Cloze probability 0.57 0.02 0.50 0.01 Method • Participants: 64 (mean age = 22; #F=47) • Apparatus: Dual-Purkinje Eyetracker (Gen 5.5) • Materials & Design: Frequency (HF,LF) x Predictability (HP,LP) HF & LF targets matched pair-wise on word length (mean = 5.84 letters; range: 5-8 letters)

  26. Method • Materials & Design: Frequency (HF,LF) x Predictability (HP,LP) HF & LF targets matched pair-wise on word length (mean = 5.84 letters; range: 5-8 letters) HF LF HPLPHPLP Frequency (BNC, per million) 145 145 4 4 Predictability (1-7) 6.19 4.07 6.11 3.69 Cloze probability .57 .02 .50 .01 # of items 22 22 22 22

  27. HF LF HPLPHPLP Frequency (BNC, per million) 145 145 4 4 Predictability (1-7) 6.19 4.07 6.11 3.69 Cloze probability .57 .02 .50 .01 # of items 22 22 22 22 Method • Materials & Design: Frequency (HF,LF) x Predictability (HP,LP) HF & LF targets matched pair-wise on word length (mean = 5.84 letters; range: 5-8 letters)

  28. Results: Fixation Time Measures • Early • First fixation duration (FFD) • Single fixation duration (SFD) • Gaze duration (GD) • Probability of skipping (skip) = [1 – prob(fixation)] • Later • Next forward-going fixation (next) • Total Fixation Time (TT) • # regressions into target, # regressions out of target 1 fix2+ fixskipreject 63% 12% 21% 4%

  29. Parafoveal Pre-processing In reading, words are processed parafoveally Before they are foveated. Reading involves foveal processing and Parafoveal processing before the

  30. time T I M E

  31. McConkie’s N ?  • In fact, the EM condition most resembling RT presentation (i.e., no parafoveal preview), only shows a frequency effect in early measures. • However, different patterns emerge when fixation time is   

  32. Low High Predictability Low High Predictability Low High Predictability 4-6 1-3 7-9 Launch Distance from Target (# letters)

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