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World war II

World war II. The Rise of Fascism . The rise of the national socialists. The Nazi Government. Hitler: brief biography. Austrian Inspired to be a painter 1914, joined WWI Currier Won Iron Cross for bravery. context. Germany became a democracy post WWI Weimar Republic.

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World war II

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  1. World war II The Rise of Fascism

  2. The rise of the national socialists The Nazi Government

  3. Hitler: brief biography • Austrian • Inspired to be a painter • 1914, joined WWI • Currier • Won Iron Cross for bravery

  4. context • Germany became a democracy post WWI • Weimar Republic

  5. Glossary of german terms/expressions • Putsch: 1923 failed attempt of Hitler to take over the government of Bavaria and spread the revolution to all of Germany • Mein Kampf: “My Struggle,” Hitler’s autobiography written while in the Landsberg Prison in 1924; contains the principle elements of Nazi ideology • Fuhrerprinzip: the principle that Germany needed a strong, authoritarian leader to replace corrupt, democratic, multi-party chaos • Großdeutschland: “Greater Germany,” part of the Nazi vision of an expanded nation that included ethnic Germans from Austria, the Baltic states, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Ukraine, Russia, and Alsace-Lorraine • Deutsche Ost: the “German East,” where the Nazis aimed to gain the most territory at the expense of the Slavic peoples of Poland and the USSR • Volksgemeinschaft: a “people’s community” of physically and racially “healthy” Germans, who would work together for the good of the nation • Blut und Boden: “Blood and soil,” the Nazi promise of a nostalgic return to an earlier, happier time in Germany before German blood had allegedly been defied by outsiders and before the industrial revolution had begun to destroy the agricultural strength and character of the German people • Rassenkampf: all-out fight between the “superior” Aryan race and the “inferior” races, especially Jews and Slavs • Die Kampfzeit: the “time of struggle” for the Nazis (1924-29); as the economy of the Weimar got back on its feet after hyperinflation (1923), for a time few Germans were listening to extremist parties and the Nazis had to organize • More to come later…

  6. Summary: provisions of the treaty of versailles • 13% territorial loss • 12% population loss • Saar coal to go to France (15 years) • Responsibility for war (Article 231: “war guilt”) • Reparations (eventually RM 132 billion) • Disarmement (army 100,000; 36-ship navy; no air force) • Loss of colonies • Rhineland a DMZ, but occupied by the Allies

  7. Weimar Republic • Included checks and balances of a true democracy appoint appoint judges officers President: 7-yr Chancellor: day-to-day Running of gov. Hitler’s 1st goal? Get rid of him Reichstag (Parliament): Multiparty, including extremists; proportional rep; debate elect elect Electorate (universal suffrage: 20 years and older

  8. Economic collapse: hyperinflation, 1923 • Currency Reichsmark: RM • Treaty of Versailles was harsh • Most hated part? Germany had to accept full responsibility of war • From here it just gets worse… • Example: numerous attacks (U.S.S.R.) DMZ: Rhineland

  9. Economic collapse: hyperinflation, 1923 • Here is where Hitler enters the story • Attached himself to the German Worker’s Party • Renamed it Nazi (more of an acronym) • National Socialism (in German Nationalsozialismus) • Had own private army! • Called the Storm Division • 1923: news gets worse…

  10. Economic collapse: hyperinflation, 1923 RM: 1 US $ Jan 7,525 Aug 1 mill Oct 250 mill Nov 4.2 mill 8/23: RM100 million = $100 10/23: RM100 billion = $400 11/23: RM1 trillion= $238 1 egg in RM 1914 .09 Jul 1921 1.60 Jul 1923 5 thousand Sep 1923 4 million Nov 1923 320 billion • NET EFFECT • Middle class wiped out • People began listening to Nazi party

  11. Hard times = growth of extremism • When time are hard, extremism grows • Munich Putsch, 1923: Nazis came marching right through Munich • Hitler was put on trial for treason • Had a sympathetic judge (5 year sentence, served 8 months for good behavior) 1st Reichstag Jun 1920 SPD 102 DNVP 71 DVP 65 Z 64 DDP 39 BVP 19 USP 14 KIMP 6 KPD 4 2nd Reichstag Jun 1924 SPD 100 DNVP 95 Z 65 KPD 62 DVP 45 NSDAP 32 DDP 28 KIRP 19 BVP 16 KIMP 10 =democratic coalition

  12. Fundamentals of national socialism • Dictatorship: leadership principle (Fuhrerprinzip) • Democracy is messy; need a strong leader to obey • Extreme nationalism • We love Germany thus we have a right to stomp on other countries • German national anthem back then (Stanza 1 no longer song): Germany, Germany above everything,Above everything in the world • Rearmament and the end of the Versailles Treaty • Versailles rearmament clauses need to be torn up! • Aggressive territorial expansion: “Greater Germany” (Großdeutschland) • A “people’s community” where all classes, genders, and ages work together for the good of the nation – i.e. all who are healthy, contributing Germans • We’re going to take care of each other (food drives, clothing collections, etc.) • Traditional values: nostalgic return to pre-industrial roots • Party able to pose as symbols of traditional values vs. Weimar decadence; party that will return to society of good values • Anti-Semitism (Rassenkampf) • Most important! They are the internal foe, the scapegoat • Posters of Jews depicted as money-grubbing commies, news stories about Jews trying to take over the world and slaughter people • Living Space • National elbow room, aggressive territorial expansion, reunite Germans to greater Germany AND the German East (against the Slavs – Poles, Russians of U.S.S.R. specifically • Anti-communism…

  13. Nazis would be the last defense against the communists taking over the world Primary Source Analysis: Mein Kampf

  14. What factors contributed to nazi success? • Severe economic hardship, 1929-1932 (World wide depression) • Masterful propaganda: the emotional approach of simple messages (see photo) • Appeal of Nazi ideology • Not an appeal to us, but imagine what it might have been like: no squabbling among politicians, people felt a part of something great • Hitler communication skill • Nothing appealing to us about his anger, but very rehearsed and calculated, all about emotion not intellectual appeal • Democracy failed to take hold • Weimar’s last politicians made a fatal miscalculation… • 6th Reichstag Jun 1932 • NSDAP230 • SPD 133 • KPD 89 • Z 75 • DNVP 37 • BVP 22 • DVP 7 • KIMP 4 • DDP 4

  15. Hitler was appointed Chancellor on Jan. 30, 1933 • Weimar politicians actually handed him the power! • You should know by 1932, the political right was dominating, Hitler was loudest voice against failings of Weimar parliament to fix problems • People began turning to Hitler in 1933 to head the government • He came to be chancellor in a totally legal process

  16. Later in the year, Hitler (as chancellor) called for another election • In a contest marked by violence of the Storm Division (SA), suspension of freedoms of speech and press, and a fire in the Reichstag building that he blamed on communists (though many claimed the Nazis set the fire), the Nazis gained 44% of the vote! • This was not enough, so Hitler announced a national emergency and again, using the Storm Division thugs to intimidate, he got the votes of the majority of the Reichstag to rule as…

  17. Dictatorship • Dictator • Once in power, Hitler moves swiftly to establish a totalitarian state • How does a dictatorship work? • Very rigidly organized • Staunch leadership • Hitler Youth: perfect image to put forth to people of a country in unison • Cult of Personality • “knight in shining armor” • “man of destiny” • You could buy a bust of Hitler for your home, an action figure, records of speeches, posters of Hitler with children and petting deers… Hitler’s on it 24/7! • Problem with images? NOT how Germany was run. The reality… Man of Destiny

  18. He was never DICTATING! • Compare this reality to the propaganda • 11 late breakfast, news clippings • 12 meetings, sign documents • 2 lunch • 3 walk, coffee, nap, reading • 9 dinner • 10 films until 3 am

  19. Reality: He would put 4-6 people 2nd in command and let them duke it out • Eventually one person would come to him • He didn’t write out official orders to kill the Jews, for example. He would spout out against them, but he never made actual policy. • POINT: One of the messiest/chaotic forms of government EVER • Overtime, they did attempt to streamline… • Law/Justice • Police • Terror system was central • Heinrich Himmler, Gestapo, S.S. • Terror was used to keep people in line • Work camps, murder, torture • On the outside of Buchenwald reads “You get what you deserve.”

  20. Life under hitler • Press, Media, Arts – Joseph Goebbles • Control over what you could paint • “In the beginning was the word” (Gospel of John about God, but painting about Hitler) • Total radio control • “All of Germany listening to Hitler” (didn’t have much of a choice) • Only classics of Mozart, Bach, and his fave Wagner (who was viciously anti-Semitic) • No jazz (called “n***r music”) Statue of German killing lizard (which is supposed to be a Jew)

  21. Life under hitler • Want to coordinate people’s thoughts? • Pledge allegiance to Hitler • Education • Schedule: music, geography, history… all tilted to Nazi ideology • “Racial Sciences” • “Ideology Lessons” • Math even enlisted its service to the state. • Word problems: The construction of a lunatic asylum costs 6 million marks. How many houses at 15,000 marks each could have been built for that amount? “The Jewish nose is bent. It looks like the number 6.”

  22. Life under hitler • Board games: collect as many Jews as you can • Sponsored children’s books (we grew up with Dr. Seuss) • “The Poison Mushroom” • Mom takes kid to the forest and warns him to look out for poison mushrooms • Mushrooms are the Jews • Stories about ugly, heavy set, Jewish bankers trying to take advantage of families/kids (trying to leer them) • Books about a dog • poodle-dach.-pug and dangers of racial “mixing”

  23. Illustration from a children's book. The headlines say "Jews are our misfortune" and "How the Jew cheats." Germany, 1936.

  24. Life under hitler • Hitler Youth • Able to combine awesomeness of boyscouts with paramilitary things • Marching, shooting practice

  25. Propaganda - video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Af44Slin7lg

  26. movie Learn360: Life Under Adolf Hitler (23 minutes)

  27. The jewish question • Aim? Drive Jews out of public life and out of country • 1933 – 523,000 • 1939 – 202,000

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