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PERCEPTION

PERCEPTION. What is Perception?. Perception: It is the process of organizing and interpreting incoming sensory information. A person’s perception can be different from the perception of others.

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PERCEPTION

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  1. PERCEPTION

  2. What is Perception? • Perception: It is the process of organizing and interpreting incoming sensory information. • A person’s perception can be different from the perception of others. • Perception can be caused by internal and external factors. Internal factories are things inside your body, and external factors are factors that affect you from the outside. The internal factors that can influence perception are many.

  3. Gestalt Organizational principles: • Gestalt: The “whole”, or the organizational patterns that we tend to perceive; the gestalt psychologists emphasized that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts.

  4. Figure-ground relationships: • Figure-ground relationships: The organization of the visual field into objects(figures) that stand out from their surroundings(ground). • Figure: in most photographs and visual scenes it can be easily picked out. It will be some object that draws your attention, and it probably will be nearer the center of the visual field than the edge. It may be moving, and it will often be fairly large and colorful. • Ground: it consists of the surroundings aspects that we commonly call the background.

  5. Grouping PRINCIPLes: • Grouping: the perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into understandable units. • There are 4 kinds of principles that guide the way we group stimuli: Similarity, Proximity, Closure, and Continuity.

  6. Similarity: It is the most basic principle of grouping. We place items that look similar in the same group. • Proximity: It comes from the word approximate, which means close. If objects are close together, we place them in the same group. The 9 cubes are placed without proximity, this indicates to us that they are separate squares. • They are placed with proximity, they are now one group.

  7. Closure: It is our brain’s tendency to look for the whole, not the parts, drives us to fill any gaps in a perceptual field. • Continuity: Once an object appears to move in a particular direction, your brain assumes that the movement continues unchanged.

  8. DEPth perception: • Depth perception: the ability to see in three dimensions and to judge distance. You rely on your ability to perceive depth in parking, determining when it’s safe to pull out onto a busy street, and deciding if you can and should pass another car. • Visual cliff: a laboratory device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals that Eleanor Gibson and Richard Walk used to determine whether the depth perception was a product of nature or nurture.

  9. Visual cliff: • It ensures the infant’s safety while allowing researchers to determine whether an infant perceives depth. Gibson and Walk’s research showed that even young infants just barely able to crawl are reluctant to move past the edge of what appears to be a drop-off. This demonstrated them that their research supports the nature view. Depth perception exists even for animals mobile at birth. • But it also supports the nurture view. Because by the time children can crawl, they have already had a lot of interaction with the environment, so their reluctance to venture over the edge of a cliff can be learned.

  10. Cont. Depth perception: • By working together, your eyes and brain use a number of tricks to create the third dimension. • Some depth cues are: binocular cues(requiring both eyes) and monocular cues(requiring only the use of a single eye).

  11. DEPTH CUES: • Binocular cues: when you look through a view master toy, the astounding depth is caused by the retinal disparity. • Retinal disparity: It is a binocular depth cue resulting from slightly different images produced by the retina of the left eye and the retina of the right eye. • The images differ slightly because they were taken by cameras a couple of feet apart, with slightly different vantage points. Your brain uses the different views to calculate distance and add depth to the scene. Your brain does this easily because it uses the same technique all the time in real life.

  12. CONT. DEPTH CUES: • The second binocular cue-convergence: translates tension in the eye muscles when the eyes track inward to focus on objects close to the viewer. The more tension required to keep both eyes aimed at the object, the closer the object must be. It predicts depth most effectively at relatively short distances.

  13. Monocular depth cues: • Monocular depth cues: Artists use monocular cues to build a sense of depth into their paintings and drawings. There are 7 cues. • -Relative size: the perceived size of an object. When an object of known size appears small, it is probably because it is distant. (ex-airplane’s size while flying) • -Relative motion: Perceived slowness indicates an object is distant. (airplane’s speed) • -Interposition: Closer objects partially obstruct the view of more distant objects.(ex-tree in front of the house)

  14. Relative height: Distant objects appear relatively higher in your field of vision than close objects do. • -Texture gradient: Distant objects usually have a smoother texture than nearby objects. (grass from far away than closer grass)

  15. -Relative clarity: distant objects are less clear than nearby objects are. (blurriness) • -Linear perspective: Parallel lines seem to draw together in the distance.

  16. Perceptual constancy: • Perceptual constancy: perceiving the size, shape, and lightness of an object as unchanging even as the image of the object on the retina of the eye changes. • 3 major kinds of perceptual constancy: size constancy, shape constancy, and lightness constancy.

  17. Size constancy: • Our knowledge of the world leads us to conclude that when the apparent size of an object changes the actual size is not changing at all. What’s changing is the distance. Size constancy allows us to be comfortable in our knowledge that the objects around us are not changing.

  18. Shape constancy: • It assures us that an object’s shape has not changed even though our angle of view indicates it may have done so.

  19. Lightness constancy: • Lightness constancy: gives us the ability to see an object as having a constant level of lightness no matter how the lighting conditions change.

  20. Perceptual set: • Perceptual set: a mental predisposition to perceive something one way and not another. • Example: listening to music from the Beatles(played backwards) and hearing Paul is dead. • Perceptual set is often guided by schemas(concepts or mental frameworks that help us organize and interpret information about the world).

  21. Some Illusions: • Illusion 1: the Muller-Lyer illusion- • Illusion 2: the ames room-

  22. Sources: • Thinking about psychology, the science of mind and behavior; Charles T.Blair-Broeker; 2008 • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perception • http://graphicdesign.spokanefalls.edu/tutorials/process/gestaltprinciples/gestaltprinc.htm

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