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Human Evolution

Human Evolution. Human Evolution. Make a Table in your Notebook. Primates. Primates evolved from mammals around 60 million years ago With the exception of humans, live primarily in tropical areas

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Human Evolution

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  1. Human Evolution Human Evolution

  2. Make a Table in your Notebook

  3. Primates • Primates evolved from mammals around 60 million years ago • With the exception of humans, live primarily in tropical areas • Subdivided into two main groups, prosimians (similar to original primates), and simians (more advanced primates)

  4. Apes

  5. Pan troglodytes, Pan paniscus, Pan bonobos (extant) • Cranial capacity: 300 – 400 cm3 • Knuckle walks and climbs, • 1st molar tooth 3 years old, • Uses simple tools • Longevity 40 years

  6. The First Simian?

  7. Primate Family Tree

  8. Human Phylogeny

  9. Ardipithecus ramidus (ardi)4.4 mya • Significant fossil reported in Oct 09 • Cranial Capacity: 300-350 cc • Discovered in the Afar desert in Ethiopia • Ardi is million years older than Lucy (we will meet Lucy later) • Ardi was likely bipedal (two legs) when on the ground

  10. Australopithecus afarensis3.9 – 2.9 Ma • Cranial capacity: 380 – 450 cm3Height: 1.07m • Bipedal (footprints 3.6 Ma old) /climber • U-shaped dental arcade but reduced canines

  11. Australopithecus africanus3 – 2.25 Ma • Cranial capacity: 500 cm3 • Bipedal, 20 – 35 kg • Rounder skull, • Longevity: 40 years maximum • Lucy is the most famous A. afarensis skeleton • Named after the Beetles song “Lucy in the sky with diamonds”

  12. Homo habilis2.6 -1.4 Ma • Cranial capacity: 600 – 800 cm3 • Height: 1.20 – 1.35m • Simple fashioned tools – choppers (Oldowan culture)

  13. Homo erectus1.8 to 0.5 Ma • Cranial capacity: 850 – 1100 cm3 • Use of fire, Height 1.55 to 1.8 m • Extended childhood. 1st molar at 4.6 years old. • Greater longevity 52 years • Speech? • Improved tools: Hand axes (Acheulian culture)

  14. Homo ergaster1.8-1.3 Ma • Cranial Capacity – 700-800 cm3 • Recognized as the ancestor to other homo species (heidelbergensis, neanderthal, sapiens) • Used more complex tools than habilus

  15. Homo Ergaster

  16. Homo heidelbergensis • Cranial Capacity:1100-1400cm3 • Height:1.8m (6ft) • More muscular than modern humans • Hunters (mammoth lived at the same time) • May have buried their dead (contested) • May have had primitive language

  17. Homo neanderthalensis250 000 to 28 000 a • Cranial capacity: 1400 cm3 (bigger than H.sapiens) • Brow ridge, long low skull, Height: 1.67m • Stocky build • Improved sophisticated tools: sharp flakes produced by a single stroke from a core. (Mousterian culture) sometimes buried their dead • Made simple jewellery

  18. Homo floresiensis • Cranial Capacity:980 cm3 • Height: 1.06m (3’6”) -1.37m (4’6”) • Contested as a species • May have been H. sapiens suffering from microcephaly • Its rightful place along the homonid lineage is still being debated

  19. Homo denisovans • Based on a finger bone, toe bone, and tooth discovered in Denisova cave (Siberia) • May have interbred with H. sapiens Estimate 

  20. Homo sapiens150 000 a to present • Cranial capacity: 1400 cm3 (range 1000 to 2000 cm3) (18% of the body’s energy consumption for 5% of body mass) • Speech, Art, Extensive tool kit including new materials (bone, ivory, antler) • Symbolic thought • 1st molar tooth 5.9 years old • Longevity 66 years (with medical advancements, this longevity has increased dramatically)

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